{"id":17293,"date":"2023-07-21T11:54:20","date_gmt":"2023-07-21T08:54:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.www.cobalt.legal\/?p=17293"},"modified":"2023-10-08T19:38:33","modified_gmt":"2023-10-08T16:38:33","slug":"ar-es-uzdes-apynasri-kriptovaliutoms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cobalt.legal\/lt\/news-cases\/ar-es-uzdes-apynasri-kriptovaliutoms\/","title":{"rendered":"Ar ES u\u017ed\u0117s apynasr\u012f kriptovaliutoms?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tikimasi, kad kit\u0105met Europoje bus priimtas vadinamasis MiCA reglamentas, visoje Bendrijoje suvienodinsiantis kripto rinkos taisykles. Naujas reguliavimas pristatomas, matyt, did\u017eiausiu sunkme\u010diu per vis\u0105 virtuali\u0173j\u0173 valiut\u0173 istorij\u0105, kuomet rink\u0105 kankina auk\u0161tos energetikos kainos ir infliacija, o pagrindin\u0117 pasaulyje kriptovaliuta bitkoinas v\u0117l yra \u017eemumoje.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Dar 2020 m. Europos Komisija (EK) pateik\u0117 pasi\u016blym\u0105 d\u0117l Europos kriptoturto rink\u0173 reglamento (MiCA). Po ilg\u0173 svarstym\u0173 ir diskusij\u0173, 2022 m. liepos pabaigoje pagaliau pasiektas preliminarus susitarimas. Juo siekiama u\u017etikrinti vartotoj\u0173 ir investuotoj\u0173 apsaug\u0105 bei rinkos vientisum\u0105, o kriptoturto verslo reguliavimas tampa kur kas ai\u0161kesnis.<\/p>\n

Kita vertus, \u0161io verslo modelio pritaikymas naujai reguliacinei aplinkai gali pareikalauti nema\u017eai finansini\u0173 i\u0161tekli\u0173.<\/p>\n

Tikimasi, kad MiCA reglamentas bus priimtas kit\u0105met, o \u012fsigalios nuo 2024-\u0173j\u0173 ar kiek v\u0117liau, po 18 m\u0117nesi\u0173 pereinamojo laikotarpio.<\/p>\n

\u0160iandien kriptoturto sektoriuje reikalai nekokie. Neskaitant bendr\u0173 ekonomini\u0173 sunkum\u0173, smukusi ir bitkoino vert\u0117. 2022 m. II ketvirt\u012f ji nusirito \u012f rekordines \u017eemumas \u2013 nuo 45\u00a0t\u016bkst. JAV doleri\u0173 ketvir\u010dio prad\u017eioje iki 19\u00a0t\u016bkst. JAV doleri\u0173 bir\u017eelio pabaigoje.<\/p>\n

Kiek anks\u010diau kriptoturto rink\u0105 supurt\u0117 \u201eTerraUSD\u201c \u2013 algoritmu stabilizuotosios virtualiosios valiutos (angl. algorithmic stablecoin<\/em>) skandalas, kuomet investuotojai prarado milijardus JAV doleri\u0173. \u0160i nemaloni istorija nutiko \u0161i\u0173 met\u0173 pavasar\u012f, kai staiga TerraUSD vert\u0117 krito nuo ma\u017edaug 100 JAV doleri\u0173 iki 0.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

K\u0105 \u017eada MiCA?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pagrindinis dalykas \u2013 vieningas reguliavimas visoje Bendrijoje.<\/p>\n

Vienas i\u0161 did\u017ei\u0173j\u0173 kriptoturto verslo i\u0161\u0161\u016bki\u0173 pastaruoju metu yra b\u016btent reglamentavimo fragmenti\u0161kumas ir nevienodumas ES valstyb\u0117se nar\u0117se. Trumpai tariant, tai, kas leid\u017eiama vienose \u0161alyse, neb\u016btinai leid\u017eiama kitose. Pavyzd\u017eiui, vienose veiklos vykdymui reikia gauti licencij\u0105, kitose ne. Vadinasi, prie\u0161 pradedant veikl\u0105 reikia gerai i\u0161analizuoti t\u0173 valstybi\u0173, kuriose ketinama dirbti, teisin\u0119 baz\u0119. N\u0117ra kito b\u016bdo i\u0161siai\u0161kinti, kokie veiklos modeliai galimi, koki\u0173 leidim\u0173 ar licencij\u0173 reikia ir pan.<\/p>\n

Atlikus toki\u0105 analiz\u0119, kartais tenka koreguoti verslo model\u012f ne pa\u010dia patogiausia linkme, siekiant pritaikyti planuojam\u0105 verslo model\u012f prie reguliacin\u0117s aplinkos. Neretai matome ir toki\u0173 situacij\u0173, kai veiklos vykdymas visoje ES reikalauja ne vieno juridinio asmens \u012fsteigimo skirtingose valstyb\u0117se, j\u0173 licencijavimo, leidim\u0173 gavimo ir pan. Kiti, to nenor\u0117dami daryti, kei\u010dia verslo model\u012f, kad pavieni\u0173 \u0161ali\u0173 nacionalin\u0117s taisykl\u0117s neb\u016bt\u0173 taikomos.<\/p>\n

K\u0105 \u0161iuo klausimu sako MiCA? Reglamentas suteikia savoti\u0161k\u0105 \u201eauksin\u0119 piliul\u0119\u201c, \u012fvesdamas viening\u0105 reguliavim\u0105 visoje Bendrijoje. Pasirinkta teis\u0117s akto forma \u2013 reglamentas \u2013 leis j\u012f taikyti tiesiogiai ne\u012fgyvendinant nacionaliniuose teis\u0117s aktuose. Matyt, pavieniai teis\u0117s aktai atsiras tik d\u0117l leidim\u0173 i\u0161davimo proced\u016bros ir pan. Prakti\u0161kai tai rei\u0161kia, kad pana\u0161iai kaip ir bank\u0173 atveju, gavus licencij\u0105 vienoje ES valstyb\u0117je nar\u0117je, teikti paslaugas bus galima ir kitose. Tiesa, galb\u016bt reik\u0117s atlikti minimalias papildomas proced\u016bras, bet be b\u016btinyb\u0117s i\u0161 naujo licencijuotis.<\/p>\n

Manytina, kad tai tur\u0117t\u0173 suma\u017einti administracin\u0119 na\u0161t\u0105 ir kitus ka\u0161tus. Taip pat atverti duris \u012f lengvesn\u012f veiklos vykdym\u0105 visoje ES turint leidim\u0105 vienoje i\u0161 valstybi\u0173 nari\u0173. Kita vertus, nors durys atsidaro, atsiranda nema\u017eai papildom\u0173 reikalavim\u0173 veiklos vykdymui.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nauji reikalavimai<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

MiCA nustato reikalavimus kriptoturto paslaug\u0173 teik\u0117jams (angl. crypto-asset service provider <\/em>arba CASP<\/em>). \u012edomu tai, kad \u0161is reglamentas tarsi i\u0161ple\u010dia kriptoturto paslaug\u0173 teik\u0117j\u0173 rat\u0105, mat Finansini\u0173 veiksm\u0173 darbo grup\u0117s (angl. Financial Action Task Force<\/em><\/a> arba FATF<\/em>) i\u0161pl\u0117tota virtualaus turto paslaug\u0173 teik\u0117jo (angl. virtual asset service provider <\/em>arba VASP<\/em>) s\u0105voka buvo prapl\u0117sta.<\/p>\n

Tai, \u017einoma, padaryta s\u0105moningai, siekiant \u012ftraukti kuo daugiau kriptoturto paslaug\u0173 teik\u0117j\u0173 \u012f reguliavimo srit\u012f ir u\u017etikrinti, kad reguliavimas b\u016bt\u0173 taikomas net ir \u201eni\u0161iniams\u201c rinkos \u017eaid\u0117jams bei naujoms verslo kryptims, kurios galb\u016bt \u0161iandien dar net n\u0117ra vystomos. Pagal MiCA, kriptorturto paslaug\u0173 teik\u0117jas bus suprantamas kaip asmuo, kurio darbas ar veikla yra profesionaliai teikti vien\u0105 ar daugiau kriptoturto paslaug\u0173 tre\u010diosioms \u0161alims. O kriptoturto emitentas \u2013 asmuo, vie\u0161ai si\u016blantis bet kurios r\u016b\u0161ies kriptoturt\u0105 arba pra\u0161antis leisti juo prekiauti skaitmenin\u0117se platformose. Beje, \u0161iame apibr\u0117\u017eime buvo naudojama \u201ejuridinio asmens\u201c s\u0105voka, kurios lyg ir tur\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti atsisakyta, nes ji gerokai apribot\u0173 kai kuri\u0173 kripto leid\u0117j\u0173 veikl\u0105. Ypa\u010d t\u0173, kurie d\u0117l technologini\u0173 niuans\u0173 veikia be juridinio asmens.<\/p>\n

Be bendr\u0173j\u0173 reikalavim\u0173 kriptoturto paslaug\u0173 teik\u0117jams, toki\u0173 kaip veiklos leidimai (jie teori\u0161kai tur\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti i\u0161duodami per 3 m\u0117n., bet prakti\u0161kai turb\u016bt reik\u0117t\u0173 tik\u0117tis ma\u017eiausiai 4-6 m\u0117n.) minimalaus \u012fstatinio kapitalo formavimas (50\u00a0t\u016bkst. Eur, 125\u00a0t\u016bkst. Eur arba 150\u00a0t\u016bkst. Eur \u2013 formuojamo kapitalo dydis tiesiogiai priklausys nuo teikiam\u0173 paslaug\u0173 r\u016b\u0161ies), MiCA taip pat nustato grie\u017etus reikalavimus baltosios knygos (angl. white paper<\/em>) turiniui. Taip pat pateikimui investuotojams ir kriptorturto reklaminei med\u017eiagai.<\/p>\n

Kriptoturto, kuris neturi vieno leid\u0117jo (pvz., bitkoino), keitykloms taip pat bus taikomas reikalavimas skelbti balt\u0105j\u0105 knyg\u0105 apie galimas tokios valiutos rizikas. Atitinkamai \u0161ioms keitykloms bus taikoma ir atsakomyb\u0117 u\u017e teising\u0105 baltosios knygos turin\u012f.<\/p>\n

Pana\u0161u, kad ir aplinkosaugos aspektai \u012fgauna vis didesn\u012f pagreit\u012f reguliaciniuose klausimuose. MiCA nustatytas reikalavim\u0105 kriptoturto rinkos dalyviams deklaruoti aplinkosauginius aspektus ir poveik\u012f aplinkai. Kaip tai reik\u0117s daryti, paai\u0161k\u0117s kiek v\u0117liau, kuomet Europos vertybini\u0173 popieri\u0173 ir rink\u0173 institucija (angl. European Securities and Markets Authority <\/em>arba ESMA<\/em>) parengs techninius standartus.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Stabilizuotosios valiutos<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nors dabar stabilizuotoms valiutoms n\u0117ra specialaus reguliavimo, priklausomai nuo j\u0173 po\u017eymi\u0173, tam tikri teisiniai reikalavimai gali b\u016bti taikomi. \u012eprastai stabilizuotos valiutos skirstomos \u012f tris r\u016b\u0161is: susietos su valiuta (pvz. euru arba JAV doleriu), susietos su turtu (pvz., auksu, kitomis virtualiosiomis valiutomis ir pan.) ir susietos su algoritmu (kai virtualiosios valiutos vert\u0117s stabilumas i\u0161laikomas nusta\u010dius special\u0173 algoritm\u0105 valiutos i\u0161leidimui ir supirkimui, t.y. i\u0161leisti daugiau virtuali\u0173j\u0173 valiut\u0173 kainai augant ir supirkti, kai kaina krinta, taip i\u0161laikant vert\u0117s stabilum\u0105).<\/p>\n

Daugiausiai teisini\u0173 i\u0161\u0161\u016bki\u0173 turb\u016bt kelia stabilizuotos valiutos, susietos su \u012fprasta valiuta (Eur, USD ir pan.). Tokioms valiutoms, kurios leid\u0117jas (emitentas) prisiima \u012fsipareigojim\u0105 i\u0161pirkti j\u0105 i\u0161 tur\u0117tojo \u0161iam pareikalavus, su tam tikromis i\u0161imtimis gali b\u016bti taikomi elektronini\u0173 pinig\u0173 leidimui nustatyti reikalavimai. Tai i\u0161 esm\u0117s reik\u0161t\u0173, kad emitentas (\u017eetono leid\u0117jas) galimai tur\u0117t\u0173 kreiptis \u012f prie\u017ei\u016bros institucij\u0105 ir gauti elektronini\u0173 pinig\u0173 \u012fstaigos licencij\u0105.<\/p>\n

Savaime suprantama, licencijavimo proced\u016bra n\u0117ra paprasta. Tiek \u012fstaigos vadovui, tiek akcininkams taikomi auk\u0161tesni reikalavimai (patikimumo, patirties ir kvalifikacijos, finans\u0173 ir t.t.). Ta\u010diau vien poreikis licencijuotis neb\u016bt\u0173 pati did\u017eiausia problema. Daugiau i\u0161\u0161\u016bki\u0173 gali sukelti tai, kad pagal prie\u017ei\u016bros institucij\u0173 nurodymus reguliuojami finans\u0173 rinkos dalyviai (\u012fskaitant elektronini\u0173 pinig\u0173 \u012fstaigas) tur\u0117t\u0173 susilaikyti nuo virtuali\u0173j\u0173 valiut\u0173 pirkimo, laikymo ar pardavimo ir atskirti finansini\u0173 paslaug\u0173 teikimo veikl\u0105 nuo veiklos, susijusios su virtualiuoju turtu.<\/p>\n

Kitaip tariant, \u017eetono, stabilizuoto valiuta, i\u0161leidimas tarsi reikalaut\u0173 licencijos, bet, turint licencij\u0105, b\u016bt\u0173 draud\u017eiama verstis \u0161ia veikla, bent jau Lietuvoje. Kai kuri\u0173 kit\u0173 ES valstybi\u0173 prie\u017ei\u016bros institucijos \u012f \u0161\u012f klausim\u0105 \u017ei\u016bri liberaliau nei Lietuvos bankas.<\/p>\n

\u0160iuo klausimu MiCA i\u0161sprend\u017eia reguliavimo neapibr\u0117\u017etum\u0105 ir \u012f reguliavimo srit\u012f \u012ftraukia elektronini\u0173 pinig\u0173 \u017eetonus, produkto \u017eetonus ir su turtu susietus \u017eetonus. Kaip jau min\u0117ta, stabilizuotos virtualiosios valiutos pastaruoju metu suk\u0117l\u0117 nema\u017eai rinkos turbulencij\u0173. Tod\u0117l nenuostabu, kad MiCA nustato pakankamai grie\u017etus reikalavimus stabilizuot\u0173 valiut\u0173 i\u0161pirkimui. Tam, kad b\u016bt\u0173 i\u0161 ko supirkti ir b\u016bt\u0173 apsaugoti vartotojai bei investuotojai, \u012f MiCA \u012ftraukiamas reikalavimas sudaryti likvid\u0173 rezerv\u0105 1:1 santykiu. Kitaip tariant, emitentas prival\u0117s pasi\u016blyti ir, stabilizuotos virtualiosios valiutos tur\u0117tojui papra\u0161ius, i\u0161pirkti \u0161ias valiutas i\u0161 jo.<\/p>\n

Beje, teko gird\u0117ti rinkoje d\u017eiaugsming\u0173 nuotaik\u0173 d\u0117l to, kad reglamentas nebus taikomas stabilizuot\u0173 valiut\u0173, i\u0161reik\u0161t\u0173 elektronini\u0173 pinig\u0173 \u017eetonais, emisijoms iki 5 mln. Eur. \u010cia reikia pabr\u0117\u017eti, kad tokioms emisijoms nebus taikomas reikalavimas tur\u0117ti kredito \u012fstaigos arba elektronini\u0173 pinig\u0173 \u012fstaigos licencij\u0105 ir paskelbti balt\u0105j\u0105 knyg\u0105. Ta\u010diau yra keli \u201ebet\u201c. I\u0161imties taikymas apribojamas platinimu profesionaliesiems investuotojams. O 5 mln. Eur riba skai\u010diuojama kaip vidutin\u0117 vert\u0117 per 12 m\u0117n. laikotarp\u012f. Reikia pripa\u017einti, kad pagal dabartines rinkos apimtis 5 mln. Eur riba yra pakankamai ma\u017ea ir rimtiems \u017eaid\u0117jams nebus aktuali. Pvz., \u201eTerraUSD\u201c iki kritimo kasdien generavo daugiau nei 48 mld. Eur.<\/p>\n

Rinkos susir\u016bpinim\u0105 taip pat kelia kai kurios MiCA nuostatos, tarsi apribojan\u010dios stabilizuot\u0173j\u0173 valiut\u0173, susiet\u0173 su JAV doleri\u0173, platinim\u0105 ES. Reikia suprasti, kad stabilizuotosios valiutos, susietos su euru, sudaro pakankamai ma\u017e\u0105 rinkos dal\u012f (nesiekia net 1 proc.). Rinkoje populiarum\u0105 ir likvidum\u0105 vis dar i\u0161laiko stabilizuotos valiutos, susietos su JAV doleriu.<\/p>\n

Kriptoturto rinkoje veikian\u010dios asociacijos \u201eBlockchain for Europe\u201c ir \u201eDigital Euro Association\u201c dar rugpj\u016bt\u012f kreip\u0117si \u012f ES ir rei\u0161k\u0117 susir\u016bpinim\u0105, kad visiems gerai \u017einomos virtualiosios valiutos, kaip \u201eTether USDT\u201c, \u201eCircle USD\u201c ir \u201eBinance USD\u201c, negal\u0117s b\u016bti platinamos Europoje, jei nebus atlikti reikiami MiCA pakeitimai, susij\u0119 su kiekybiniais apribojimais kriptovaliut\u0173 leidimui.<\/p>\n

Reikia atkreipti d\u0117mes\u012f, kad rinkoje gana pla\u010diai aptariamiems nepakei\u010diamiems \u017eetonams NFT – skaitmeniniam turtui, kuris suteikia teises \u012f meno, muzikos, vaizdo k\u016brinius ir pan. \u2013 MiCA i\u0161 esm\u0117s netaikomas. Nebent d\u0117l tam tikr\u0173 po\u017eymi\u0173 konkret\u0173 NFT b\u016bt\u0173 galima pripa\u017einti patenkan\u010diu \u012f auk\u0161\u010diau aptartas \u017eeton\u0173 kategorijas.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Reglamento nauda<\/strong><\/p>\n

Did\u017eiausias MiCA laim\u0117jimas bus tam tikras reguliavimo ai\u0161kumas ir ma\u017eesnis fragmenti\u0161kumas. Kita vertus, nors d\u0117l vieningo reguliavimo kriptoturto verslui tarsi bus pla\u010diau atvertos durys, nauji reikalavimai sukels nema\u017eai galvos skausmo. Galb\u016bt vartotoj\u0173 ir investuotoj\u0173 apsauga bus didesn\u0117, ta\u010diau verslui reik\u0117s \u012fd\u0117ti daugiau resurs\u0173 tam, kad b\u016bt\u0173 laikomasi formali\u0173 reikalavim\u0173. Kaip visada, ten, kur pa\u017eanga, apribojimai paprastai j\u0105 stabdo, tod\u0117l reik\u0117s steb\u0117ti, kaip verslui seksis prisitaikyti.<\/p>\n

Tik\u0117tina, kad nema\u017eai i\u0161\u0161\u016bki\u0173 sukels apribojimai \u017eetonams, susietiems su JAV doleriu. Tai gerokai apribos JAV versl\u0173 veikl\u0105 ES. Matyt, toks verslas, v\u0117lgi, tur\u0117s ie\u0161koti, kaip adaptuoti savo veiklos model\u012f, arba atrasti savo \u201eap\u0117jimo\u201c keli\u0105 tam, kad veikla gal\u0117t\u0173 toliau b\u016bti vykdoma be dideli\u0173 poky\u010di\u0173 ir apribojim\u0173. Kitas gana tik\u0117tinas scenarijus, kad lobistai m\u0117gins der\u0117tis su ES d\u0117l MiCA korekcij\u0173, pa\u0161alinant ar adaptuojant reglamento nuostatas, kurios galimai riboja virtuali\u0173j\u0173 valiut\u0173, susiet\u0173 su kita valiuta nei euras, platinim\u0105 ES.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tikimasi, kad kit\u0105met Europoje bus priimtas vadinamasis MiCA reglamentas, visoje Bendrijoje suvienodinsiantis kripto rinkos taisykles. Naujas reguliavimas pristatomas, matyt, did\u017eiausiu sunkme\u010diu per vis\u0105 virtuali\u0173j\u0173 valiut\u0173 istorij\u0105, kuomet rink\u0105 kankina auk\u0161tos energetikos kainos ir infliacija, o pagrindin\u0117 pasaulyje kriptovaliuta bitkoinas v\u0117l..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":21259,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"country":[92],"class_list":["post-17293","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-lt","country-lithuania-lt"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAr ES u\u017ed\u0117s apynasr\u012f kriptovaliutoms? | COBALT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ar ES u\u017ed\u0117s apynasr\u012f kriptovaliutoms?. News. Naujienos. Jaunumi. 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