{"id":22815,"date":"2023-08-21T18:08:22","date_gmt":"2023-08-21T15:08:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.www.cobalt.legal\/?p=22815"},"modified":"2023-10-08T22:44:34","modified_gmt":"2023-10-08T19:44:34","slug":"mobingas-buti-ar-nebuti-darbo-kodekse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cobalt.legal\/lt\/news-cases\/mobingas-buti-ar-nebuti-darbo-kodekse\/","title":{"rendered":"Mobingas: b\u016bti ar neb\u016bti Darbo kodekse?"},"content":{"rendered":"

LR Seimo nari\u0173 grup\u0117s iniciatyva \u012ftraukti \u012f Darbo kodeks\u0105 mobingo s\u0105vok\u0105, pripa\u017einti tokius veiksmus \u0161iurk\u0161\u010diais darbo pareig\u0173 pa\u017eeidimais, \u012fpareigoti darbdavius sukurti darbo aplink\u0105, kurioje darbuotojai nepatirt\u0173 prie\u0161i\u0161k\u0173, \u017eeminan\u010di\u0173, agresyvi\u0173, u\u017egauli\u0173, \u012f\u017eeid\u017eian\u010di\u0173 veiksm\u0173, o prad\u0117jus tyrim\u0105 d\u0117l mobingo darbe \u017emogus b\u016bt\u0173 saugomas pagal Prane\u0161\u0117j\u0173 apsaugos \u012fstatym\u0105 suk\u0117l\u0117 nema\u017eai diskusij\u0173. Vieni pritaria pataisoms, teigdami, kad tik taip bus galima kovoti su \u0161ia blogybe, kit\u0173 manymu si\u016blomos pataisos yra perteklin\u0117s.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Taigi, pabandykime pasiai\u0161kinti, kas vadinama mobingu, kaip \u0161is terminas atsirado ir ar darbdaviai ir darbuotojai i\u0161naudoja esamus teisinius mechanizmus kaltiesiems nubausti bei u\u017ekirsti keli\u0105 \u0161iam rei\u0161kiniui.<\/p>\n

Mobingas – bendras \u017emoni\u0173 ir gyv\u016bn\u0173 elgsenos bruo\u017eas<\/strong><\/p>\n

Austr\u0173 zoologas ir ornitologas Konrad Lorenc prie\u0161 pus\u0161imt\u012f met\u0173 tyrin\u0117damas pauk\u0161\u010di\u0173 elgsen\u0105 pasteb\u0117jo, kad pauk\u0161\u010di\u0173 b\u016brys gali susivienyti ir savo elgesiu vieningai i\u0161vyti ne tik gr\u0117sm\u0119 kelian\u010dius prie\u0161us, ta\u010diau ir savi\u0161k\u012f. Su tokiu gyv\u016bnu sistemingai imama elgtis i\u0161skirtinai kitaip nei su visais likusiais, ir engiamasis pats pasitraukia i\u0161 b\u016brio. Apra\u0161ytas gyv\u016bn\u0173 elgesys buvo pavadintas mobingu. V\u0117liau \u0160ved\u0173 psichologas Heinz Leymann \u0161\u012f termin\u0105 pritaik\u0117 psichologiniu smurtu darbo vietoje gr\u012fstiems \u017emoni\u0173 santykiams apib\u016bdinti, kai sistemingai, ilg\u0105 laik\u0105 (pusmet\u012f ir daugiau) trunka prie\u0161 asmen\u012f nukreiptas teroras.<\/p>\n

Mobingas = psichologinis smurtas?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Teisininkai, darbo inspekcijos atstovai ir kai kurie psichologai da\u017enai \u0161iuos terminus vartoja kaip sinonimus, kiti mobingu vadina vien\u0105 i\u0161 psichologinio smurto darbe aprai\u0161k\u0173.<\/p>\n

Lietuvos \u012fstatymai neapibr\u0117\u017eia mobingo s\u0105vokos, o Sveikatos apsaugos ministerija viename i\u0161 savo programini\u0173 dokument\u0173 nurodo, kad mobingas \u2013 tai pasikartojantis ne re\u010diau kaip kart\u0105 per savait\u0119 ir trunkantis bent pus\u0119 met\u0173 psichologinis smurtas. Psichologinio smurto s\u0105vok\u0105 randame ne viename Darbo kodekso straipsnyje. Darbdavys yra \u012fpareigotas sukurti toki\u0105 darbo aplink\u0105, kurioje darbuotojas ar j\u0173 grup\u0117 nepatirt\u0173 prie\u0161i\u0161k\u0173, neeti\u0161k\u0173, \u017eeminan\u010di\u0173, agresyvi\u0173, u\u017egauli\u0173, \u012f\u017eeid\u017eian\u010di\u0173 veiksm\u0173, kuriais k\u0117sinamasi \u012f atskiro darbuotojo ar j\u0173 grup\u0117s garb\u0119 ir orum\u0105, fizin\u012f ar psichologin\u012f asmens nelie\u010diamum\u0105, ar kuriais siekiama darbuotoj\u0105 ar j\u0173 grup\u0119 \u012fbauginti, sumenkinti ar \u012fstumti \u012f bej\u0117g\u0119 ar beginkl\u0119 pad\u0117t\u012f. Darbdavys privalo imtis vis\u0173 psichologinio smurto prevencijos priemoni\u0173 bei u\u017etikrinti pagalb\u0105 darbuotojams, tapusiems psichologinio smurto aukomis.<\/p>\n

Ar darbdaviai ir darbuotojai i\u0161naudoja esam\u0105 teisin\u012f reguliavim\u0105?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kai kuri\u0173 tyrim\u0173 rezultatai rodo, kad Lietuvoje 46 proc. apklaust\u0173 moter\u0173 ir 43 proc. vyr\u0173 darbe patiria vienokias ar kitokias psichologinio ir\/ar fizinio smurto aprai\u0161kas. Darbo gin\u010d\u0173 komisij\u0173 pateikta statistika rodo, kad darbuotoj\u0173, siekian\u010di\u0173 \u017ealos atlyginimo atvej\u0173 daug\u0117ja spar\u010diai \u2013 2020 m. buvo gauta beveik 30 toki\u0173 pra\u0161ym\u0173, kai tuo tarpu 2019 m. tik 4. Valstybin\u0117 darbo inspekcija prane\u0161a, kad vos ne kasdien sulaukia darbuotoj\u0173 skambu\u010di\u0173, prane\u0161an\u010di\u0173 apie psichologinio smurto atvejus. Deja, ne visi Lietuvos darbdaviai psichologin\u012f smurt\u0105 darbe laiko susir\u016bpinim\u0105 kelian\u010dia problema, k\u0105 patvirtina ir ES \u0161alyse atlikto tyrimo duomenys. Esame tarp trij\u0173 \u0161ali\u0173, kuri\u0173 \u012fmoni\u0173 vadovams tai r\u016bpi ma\u017eiausiai. Dar ma\u017eiau d\u0117mesio \u0161iai problemai skiria tik Vengrija ir Slov\u0117nija. O juk b\u016btent darbdavys yra atsakingas u\u017e saugi\u0173 ir sveik\u0173, t. y. toki\u0173, kuriose darbuotojai nepatiria psichologinio smurto, darbo s\u0105lyg\u0173 sudarym\u0105. Jei darbdavys nevykdo pareigos u\u017etikrinti sveikas ir saugias darbo s\u0105lygas, jam gali kilti administracin\u0117 atsakomyb\u0117. Be to, nukent\u0117j\u0119 darbuotojai gali pareikalauti atlyginti \u017eal\u0105. Darbuotojai taip pat gali kreiptis \u012f Valstybin\u0119 darbo inspekcij\u0105, kad \u0161i \u012fpareigot\u0173 darbdav\u012f imtis priemoni\u0173 suma\u017einti ar visi\u0161kai pa\u0161alinti psichologin\u012f diskomfort\u0105 darbe ir pan.<\/p>\n

Darbdavio pareigos<\/strong><\/p>\n

Darbo kodeksas \u012fpareigoja daugiau kaip 20 darbuotoj\u0173 \u012fdarbinan\u010dius darbdavius parengti \u012ftamp\u0105 darbe ma\u017einan\u010di\u0173 priemoni\u0173 politik\u0105. Tokia politika gal\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti Vidaus darbo tvarkos taisykli\u0173 dalimi arba atskiras dokumentas. Kas tur\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti numatyta tokioje politikoje?<\/p>\n

Pirmiausia, reik\u0117t\u0173 labai ai\u0161kiai \u012fvardyti, kokie veiksmai, neveikimas patenka \u012f psichologinio smurto darbe apibr\u0117\u017eim\u0105. Patartina atskirai apibr\u0117\u017eti mobingo veiksmus. Antra, nustatyti, kad bet kokia psichologinio smurto, mobingo\u00a0 forma\u00a0 yra neteis\u0117ta ir netoleruojama bei numatyti, kad psichologinis smurtas, mobingas darbe turi b\u016bti vertinamas kaip \u0161iurk\u0161t\u016bs darbo pareig\u0173 pa\u017eeidimai. Patartina numatyti drausmin\u0119 atsakomyb\u0119 ir u\u017e \u017einomai melagingus prane\u0161imus apie psichologin\u012f smurt\u0105, mobing\u0105. Taip pat labai svarbu politikoje numatyti prane\u0161im\u0173 apie psichologinio smurto, mobingo atvejus darbe ir j\u0173 registravimo tvark\u0105. Smurto aukos tur\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti \u012fpareigotos informuoti apie smurto atvejus ra\u0161tu, detaliai paai\u0161kinti \u012fvykio aplinkybes, nurodant galimus liudytojus. \u012emon\u0117je b\u016btina paskirti asmen\u012f, kuriuo kiti pasitiki ir kuriam darbuotojai tur\u0117t\u0173 prane\u0161ti apie psichologinio smurto, mobingo darbe atvejus. Taip pat politikoje b\u016btina numatyti, kur ir kaip gali kreiptis pagalbos smurto aukos ir smurtautojai.<\/p>\n

Su politika darbdavys privalo pasira\u0161ytinai supa\u017eindinti esamus ir naujus darbuotojus. Politika ir jos \u012fgyvendinimo proced\u016bros turi b\u016bti nuolatos per\u017ei\u016brimos, ypa\u010d tada, kai \u012fvyksta incidentas, susij\u0119s su psichologiniu smurtu \u2013 \u012fmon\u0117s vadovyb\u0117 ir darbuotojai turi nutarti, kaip b\u016bt\u0173 galima pakeisti politik\u0105 ir jos \u012fgyvendinimo proced\u016br\u0105, kad toks incidentas daugiau nepasikartot\u0173.<\/p>\n

Taip pat nuostatas apie psichologin\u012f smurt\u0105, mobing\u0105 patartina \u012ftraukti ir \u012f kolektyvines sutartis, o profesini\u0173 s\u0105jung\u0173 pareiga b\u016bt\u0173, susider\u0117ti su darbdaviais nuostatas, pavyzd\u017eiui, d\u0117l \u017ealos atlyginimo smurto, mobingo aukoms.<\/p>\n

Psichologinio smurto, mobingo prevencija – nauda ir darbuotojui, ir darbdaviui<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kaip matome, darbuotojai, j\u0173 atstovai turi svert\u0173 paskatinti darbdavius nuostatas apie mobing\u0105, psichologin\u012f smurt\u0105, \u0161i\u0173 rei\u0161kini\u0173 prevencij\u0105, atvej\u0173 tyrim\u0105, kalt\u0173 asmen\u0173 i\u0161ai\u0161kinim\u0105, atsakomyb\u0117s jiems pritaikym\u0105 \u012ftraukti \u012f \u012fmoni\u0173 kolektyvines sutartis, vidaus teis\u0117s aktus, reikalauti diegti nepakantumo atmosfer\u0105 organizacijose. Svarbu nesitaikstyti, neprisiimti aukos vaidmens. Kiekvienas aktyvus darbuotojo veiksmas gali pad\u0117ti ir darbdaviui, kuris tur\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti suinteresuotas na\u0161iu ir efektyviu darbuotoj\u0173 darbu. O tokio negalima tik\u0117tis i\u0161 smurto auk\u0173. Psichologin\u012f smurt\u0105 patiriantys darbuotojai ken\u010dia nuo \u017eemo pasitik\u0117jimo savimi, depresijos, chroni\u0161ko nuovargio, alpimo, vir\u0161kinamojo trakto op\u0173 ir pan. Ujamas asmuo ilgainiui praranda motyvacij\u0105 dirbti ir apskritai darbingum\u0105.\u00a0 D\u0117l psichologinio smurto organizacijoje padid\u0117ja darbdavio ka\u0161tai d\u0117l to, kad kiti darbuotojai turi dirbti sergan\u010di\u0173 koleg\u0173 darbus, tokias \u012fmones palieka darbuotojai, o naujus rasti darosi sunkiau. Spar\u010diai socialiniuose tinkluose ir \u017einiasklaidoje plintan\u010dios \u017einios apie psichologinio smurto atvejus \u017eemina darbdavio \u012fvaizd\u012f, ir potencial\u016bs darbuotojai arba visai nenori dirbti tokiam darbdaviui arba reikalauja mok\u0117ti didesn\u012f atlyginim\u0105, nei rinkos vidurkis.<\/p>\n

Papildyti, ar ne Darbo kodeks\u0105 nuostatomis apie mobing\u0105, spr\u0119s LR Seimas, ta\u010diau akivaizdu, kad esamus teisinius apsaugos nuo mobingo mechanizmus galima geriau i\u0161naudoti ir pasiekti tikslus, kuriuos nurodo Darbo kodekso patais\u0173 iniciatoriai.<\/p>\n

Advokat\u0173 kontoros \u201eCobalt\u201d darbo teis\u0117s praktikos grup\u0117s vadov\u0117\u00a0Dr. Dalia Foigt Norvai\u0161ien\u0117<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

LR Seimo nari\u0173 grup\u0117s iniciatyva \u012ftraukti \u012f Darbo kodeks\u0105 mobingo s\u0105vok\u0105, pripa\u017einti tokius veiksmus \u0161iurk\u0161\u010diais darbo pareig\u0173 pa\u017eeidimais, \u012fpareigoti darbdavius sukurti darbo aplink\u0105, kurioje darbuotojai nepatirt\u0173 prie\u0161i\u0161k\u0173, \u017eeminan\u010di\u0173, agresyvi\u0173, u\u017egauli\u0173, \u012f\u017eeid\u017eian\u010di\u0173 veiksm\u0173, o prad\u0117jus tyrim\u0105 d\u0117l mobingo darbe \u017emogus b\u016bt\u0173..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":27691,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"country":[92],"class_list":["post-22815","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-lt","country-lithuania-lt"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMobingas: b\u016bti ar neb\u016bti Darbo kodekse? | COBALT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mobingas: b\u016bti ar neb\u016bti Darbo kodekse?. 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