{"id":27627,"date":"2023-10-08T20:35:56","date_gmt":"2023-10-08T17:35:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.www.cobalt.legal\/?p=27627"},"modified":"2023-10-08T20:36:22","modified_gmt":"2023-10-08T17:36:22","slug":"ismaniosios-sutartys-ar-jau-galima-naudoti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cobalt.legal\/lt\/news-cases\/ismaniosios-sutartys-ar-jau-galima-naudoti\/","title":{"rendered":"I\u0161maniosios sutartys \u2013 ar jau galima naudoti?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kalbant apie verslo ir informacini\u0173 technologij\u0173 artimiausias perspektyvas \u0161iandien ne\u012fmanoma i\u0161siversti be blok\u0173 grandin\u0117s (angl. blockchain<\/em>) technologijos ir i\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 (angl. smart contracts<\/em>). Nesiveliant \u012f ilg\u0105 technologin\u012f aptarim\u0105, blockchain<\/em> galima trumpai apib\u016bdinti kaip skaitmenin\u0119 decentralizuot\u0105 \u012fra\u0161\u0173 sistem\u0105, dar vadinama paskirstyt\u0173j\u0173 \u017eurnal\u0173 technologija (angl. Distributed Ledger Technology<\/em>), kurios atveju visi \u012fra\u0161ai yra chronologine nepakei\u010diama tvarka saugomi ir atkartojami sistemos dalyvi\u0173 kompiuteriuose, informacija apie \u012fra\u0161us prieinama dalyviams, bet tuo pa\u010diu pilnai apsaugota nuo retroaktyvaus pakeitimo.<\/strong><\/p>\n

I\u0161maniosios sutartys: veikia automatizuotai, neat\u0161aukiamai ir be tre\u010di\u0173j\u0173 \u0161ali\u0173<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Blockchain<\/em> technologijos pagrindu galima sudaryti ir i\u0161mani\u0105sias sutartis, kurios veikia pana\u0161iai kaip ir \u012fprastin\u0117s sutartys, ta\u010diau veikia automatizuotai, neat\u0161aukiamai ir be tre\u010diosios \u0161alies tarpininkavimo. I\u0161 esm\u0117s \u0161alims sudarius i\u0161mani\u0105j\u0105 sutart\u012f ir vienai i\u0161 \u0161ali\u0173 \u012fvykd\u017eius savo \u012fsipareigojim\u0105, kitos \u0161alies \u012fsipareigojimas \u012fvykdomas automati\u0161kai. Tai n\u0117ra visi\u0161kai naujas dalykas, nes, pavyzd\u017eiui, jau seniai rinkoje prieinam\u0105 \u0161okoladinio baton\u0117lio ar g\u0117rim\u0173 skardin\u0117s \u012fsigijim\u0105 i\u0161 preki\u0173 automato ar bilieto \u012fsigijim\u0105 i\u0161 parkavimo automato taip pat galima laikyti i\u0161mani\u0105ja sutartimi. Pirk\u0117jui automate pasirinkus prek\u0119 ar biliet\u0105 ir \u012fd\u0117jus pinigus, t. y. \u012fvykd\u017eius savo \u012fsipareigojim\u0105 sumok\u0117ti pinigus, kitos \u0161alies \u2013 pardav\u0117jo \u2013 \u012fsipareigojimas pateikti prek\u0119 ar biliet\u0105 pirk\u0117jui yra \u012fvykdomas automati\u0161kai, sandorio \u0161alys nebegali jo at\u0161aukti ar pakeisti.<\/p>\n

\u0160iuolaikin\u0117 i\u0161manioji sutartis i\u0161 esm\u0117s yra kompiuterio programa, kuri \u012fvykdo numatytas sutarties s\u0105lygas, \u012fra\u0161ytas programos kode. Sutarties vykdymas vyksta technologij\u0173 pagalba ir pagal u\u017eprogramuotas taisykles, tod\u0117l operacijos negali b\u016bti at\u0161aukiamos \u2013 prad\u0117jus vykdyti veiksmus, kuriems i\u0161manioji sutartis yra u\u017eprogramuota, paprastai jie negali b\u016bti sustabdyti, nebent veiksmas ar jo rezultatas priklauso nuo numatytos s\u0105lygos, kuri nebuvo \u012fvykdyta.<\/p>\n

Blockchain<\/em> technologija atveria \u012fvairias galimybes pritaikyti i\u0161mani\u0105sias sutartis ten, kur apie tai net sunku buvo pagalvoti. Be pla\u010diai \u017einomo Blockchain<\/em> technologijos panaudojimo kriptovaliut\u0173 (Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Ripple<\/em> ir kt.) ir ICO (angl. Initial Coin Offering<\/em>) srityse, kurios labiau skirtos entuziastams, investuotojams ar su technologijomis susipa\u017einusiems asmenims, atsiranda vis daugiau kasdieni\u0173 sri\u010di\u0173, kuriose matomos intensyvios pastangos \u012fdiegti blockchain<\/em> technologija paremtas i\u0161mani\u0105sias sutartis.<\/p>\n

Kaip pavyzd\u012f galima pamin\u0117ti i\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 naudojim\u0105 draudimo srityje \u2013 draudimo sutarties s\u0105lygos gali b\u016bti nustatomos i\u0161mani\u0105ja sutartimi. Draudiminis \u012fvykis, atitinkantis numatytas s\u0105lygas (pavyzd\u017eiui, v\u0117jas, krituliai, \u017eem\u0117s dreb\u0117jimas ar kitas gamtinis rei\u0161kinys konkre\u010dioje vietoje vir\u0161ija registruojamus numatytus ribinius parametrus), automati\u0161kai aktyvuoja draud\u0117jo reikalavim\u0105 ir draudimo i\u0161mokos sumok\u0117jim\u0105 \u012f draud\u0117jo s\u0105skait\u0105. Tokiu b\u016bdu draudimo sutartis gali b\u016bti \u012fvykdyta be \u017emogaus \u012fsiki\u0161imo, kai tuo tarpu \u012fprastos draudimo sutarties atveju draudimo i\u0161mokos nustatymas ir i\u0161mok\u0117jimas gali u\u017etrukti ir kelis m\u0117nesius bei pareikalauti dideli\u0173 abiej\u0173 \u0161ali\u0173 i\u0161laid\u0173.<\/p>\n

Toki\u0173 i\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 diegimo pavyzd\u017ei\u0173 jau yra ir kitose srityse: finans\u0173, sveikatos apsaugos, vie\u0161\u0173j\u0173 registr\u0173, nekilnojamojo turto, intelektin\u0117s nuosavyb\u0117s, daikt\u0173 interneto, prekybos, transporto, logistikos ir t.t. Verta pamin\u0117ti \u0161i\u0173 met\u0173 vasario m\u0117nes\u012f paskelbt\u0105 automobili\u0173 gamintojo Porsche \u017eini\u0105 apie blockchain<\/em> technologija paremt\u0173 program\u0173 s\u0117kming\u0105 testavim\u0105 automobiliuose. Porsche prane\u0161ime yra pa\u017eym\u0117ta, kad naudojant \u0161i\u0105 technologij\u0105 tre\u010di\u0173j\u0173 asmen\u0173 paslaugos, pavyzd\u017eiui, parkavimo, pakrovimo, plovimo ir pana\u0161ios, automobilio savininkui gal\u0117s b\u016bti teikiamos i\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 pagrindu be joki\u0173 papildom\u0173 priemoni\u0173.<\/p>\n

N\u0117ra ai\u0161kaus teisinio reglamentavimo nei nacionaliniu, nei tarptautiniu lygmeniu<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Nors i\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 ateitis atrodo \u0161viesi, ta\u010diau yra tam tikr\u0173 technologini\u0173 ir teisini\u0173 niuans\u0173, kurie gali \u012ftakoti skland\u0173 i\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 naudojim\u0105. Vis\u0173 pirma, reikia pa\u017eym\u0117ti, kad technologiniu po\u017ei\u016briu blockchain<\/em> kol kas ne\u012frod\u0117, kad \u0161i technologija gali s\u0117kmingai pl\u0117stis ir b\u016bti neribotai naudojama, nedarydama \u012ftakos savo pa\u010dios veikimui. Bitcoin<\/em> pavyzdys rodo, kad kuo daugiau dalyvi\u0173 vykdo transakcijas \u0161ia valiuta, tuo ilgiau u\u017etrunka \u012fra\u0161\u0173 patvirtinimas ir registravimas. \u0160iuo metu tai gali b\u016bti apib\u016bdinama kaip u\u017edaro rato situacija: viena vertus, verslas nesiima naudoti blockchain, <\/em>\u012fskaitant i\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173, kol \u0161i technologija ne\u012frodys, kad ji gali b\u016bti ple\u010diama ir naudojama neribotai, i\u0161 kitos pus\u0117s, blockchain<\/em> negali \u012frodyti \u0161io geb\u0117jimo, kol verslas masi\u0161kiau nesinaudoja \u0161ia technologija.<\/p>\n

Taip pat ir,teisinis reguliavimas dar atsilieka nuo informacini\u0173 technologij\u0173 pa\u017eangos tempo. Blockchain<\/em> ir i\u0161maniosios sutartys n\u0117ra ai\u0161kiai teisi\u0161kai reglamentuotos nei nacionaliniu, nei tarptautiniu lygmeniu, nors tam tikri j\u0173 naudojimo aspektai yra reguliuojami kaip \u012fprast\u0173 ra\u0161ytini\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 pagal galiojan\u010dius teis\u0117s aktus. Galima i\u0161skirti kelis teisinius klausimus, kurie gali kilti naudojant i\u0161mani\u0105sias sutartis:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ar i\u0161manioji sutartis yra teisi\u0161kai \u012fpareigojanti, jei n\u0117ra galimybi\u0173 nustatyti sutart\u012f sudariusios \u0161alies tapatyb\u0117s ir jos veiksnumo?<\/strong> Paprastai sutartis yra teisi\u0161kai \u012fpareigojanti, jei yra sudaryta identifikuoto veiksnaus asmens ar tinkamai \u012fgalioto jo atstovo, turin\u010di\u0173 teis\u0119 sudaryti sutart\u012f savo ar atstovaujamo asmens vardu, o sudarant i\u0161mani\u0105j\u0105 sutart\u012f technologij\u0173 pagalba ne\u017einia, ar visada bus \u012fmanoma tai nustatyti.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kaip bus sprend\u017eiamos situacijos, kai i\u0161manioji sutartis bus vykdoma klaidingai d\u0117l neteisingo programos kodo ar suvest\u0173 duomen\u0173, kai i\u0161maniosios sutarties tekstin\u0117s sutartos s\u0105lygos skirsis nuo u\u017eprogramuot\u0173 s\u0105lyg\u0173, kai i\u0161manioji sutartis nebus vykdoma d\u0117l i\u0161orini\u0173 veiksni\u0173 ir pana\u0161iai?<\/strong> I\u0161maniosios sutarties s\u0105lygos yra \u012fra\u0161omos \u012f programos kod\u0105 ir paprastai t\u0105 daro ne sutarties \u0161alys, o kompetentingi tretieji asmenys. Tam, kad sutarties \u0161alys suprast\u0173 sutarties s\u0105lygas, paprastai programos kode \u012fra\u0161ytos s\u0105lygos yra dubliuojamos kalbine tekstine versija, sura\u0161yta elektronine forma. Kai kuriais atvejais gali b\u016bti programuojamos tik tos i\u0161maniosios sutarties s\u0105lygos, kurios vykdomos be \u017emogaus pagalbos, o kitos s\u0105lygos, kurios fizi\u0161kai turi b\u016bti \u012fvykdytos sutarties \u0161ali\u0173, sura\u0161omos kalbin\u0117je tekstin\u0117je sutarties dalyje. Bet kuriuo atveju yra tikimyb\u0117, kad programuojant i\u0161mani\u0105j\u0105 sutart\u012f gali b\u016bti padarytos vidin\u0117s login\u0117s klaidos, automatinis sutarties vykdymas gali b\u016bti sutrikdytas d\u0117l platformos, kurioje veikia i\u0161manioji sutartis, klaid\u0173, d\u0117l kibernetini\u0173 atak\u0173 ar d\u0117l i\u0161orini\u0173 veiksni\u0173, kai sutarties s\u0105lygos \u012fvykdymo patvirtinimas priklauso nuo tre\u010di\u0173j\u0173 asmen\u0173, pvz. vie\u0161ojo registro, notaro ar pan.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kaip \u0161alys gal\u0117s nutraukti i\u0161mani\u0105j\u0105 sutart\u012f, jei paai\u0161k\u0117s, kad ji pa\u017eeid\u017eia vie\u0161\u0105j\u0105 tvark\u0105 ar negali b\u016bti vykdoma d\u0117l pasikeitusi\u0173 teis\u0117s akt\u0173, ar atsisakyti jos d\u0117l neteisingo supratimo, esminio suklydimo, prievartos ar laisvos valios nebuvimo?<\/strong> Pagal galiojant\u012f teisin\u012f reguliavim\u0105 \u012fprastin\u0117 sutartis gali b\u016bti nutraukta ar pripa\u017einta negaliojan\u010dia sutartyje ir teis\u0117s aktuose numatytais pagrindais bei tvarka. Tiek sutarties nutraukimo, tiek pripa\u017einimo negaliojan\u010dia atvejais gali b\u016bti taikoma restitucija, t.y. \u0161alys turi gr\u0105\u017einti viena kitai, tai k\u0105 gavo pagal sutart\u012f. I\u0161maniosios sutarties atveju sutarties nutraukimas, restitucijos taikymas ir kiti su sutarties nutraukimu susij\u0119s veiksmai gali b\u016bti sud\u0117tingi ir komplikuoti d\u0117l automatizuoto sutarties vykdymo ir \u012fra\u0161\u0173 neat\u0161aukiamumo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kam pateikti pretenzij\u0105 ar kam pareik\u0161ti ie\u0161kin\u012f teisme, jei neai\u0161ku, kas yra sutarties \u0161alis, arba nuostoliai i\u0161 sutarties vykdymo atsirado d\u0117l programavimo klaid\u0173 ar kit\u0173 technologini\u0173 dalyk\u0173, u\u017e kuriuos sutarties \u0161alys neatsako?<\/strong> Tam tikrais atvejais gali b\u016bti sunku nustatyti tikr\u0105j\u0105 i\u0161maniosios sutarties \u0161al\u012f, jei buvo nurodytas netikras vardas (pseudonimas) ar pasinaudota kito asmens duomenimis (toki\u0173 pavyzd\u017ei\u0173 jau yra skelbiant ir vykdant ICO), tod\u0117l nukent\u0117jusioji sutarties \u0161alis gali susidurti su situacija, kai nepavyks nustatyti yra kaltoji sutarties \u0161alis. Lygiai taip pat gali b\u016bti sunku ir brangu nustatyti, kas atsakingas u\u017e sutarties netinkam\u0105 vykdym\u0105 d\u0117l technologini\u0173 klaid\u0173 ar tre\u010di\u0173j\u0173 asmen\u0173 veiksm\u0173, nes toki\u0173 aplinkybi\u0173 nustatymas gali pareikalauti i\u0161samaus tyrimo ir nepriklausom\u0173 ekspert\u0173 pasitelkimo.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kokiam teismui ir kurioje \u0161alyje pareik\u0161ti ie\u0161kin\u012f, jei i\u0161manioji sutartis nenumato konkre\u010dios jurisdikcijos ir gin\u010d\u0173 sprendimo tvarkos?<\/strong> Jei \u012fprastin\u0117se sutartyse n\u0117ra nurodytos tokios s\u0105lygos, nukent\u0117jusioji sutarties \u0161alis gali kreiptis su ie\u0161kiniu \u012f kompetenting\u0105 teism\u0105, esant\u012f atsakovo buvein\u0117s vietoje, nebent teis\u0117s aktais b\u016bt\u0173 nustatytas specifinis teismingumas. I\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 atveju gali b\u016bti sunku nustatyti, kas kaltas d\u0117l netinkamo sutarties vykdymo ar kas yra tikroji sutarties \u0161alis, tod\u0117l net ir kreipusis su ie\u0161kiniu \u012f pasirinktos \u0161alies teism\u0105, n\u0117ra garantijos, kad tas ie\u0161kinys bus priimtas ir i\u0161nagrin\u0117tas, ypa\u010d atsi\u017evelgiant \u012f tai, kad teisinis reguliavimas \u0161ioje srityje dar tik pradeda formuotis ir n\u0117ra pakankamas tokiems gin\u010dams spr\u0119sti.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kaip bus sprend\u017eiamos situacijos, kai \u0161alys bus \u012fpareigotos nutraukti sutart\u012f ar sutartis bus pripa\u017einta negaliojan\u010dia nuo jos sudarymo momento, turint galvoje tai, kad i\u0161manioji sutartis yra neat\u0161aukiama ir su ja susij\u0119 veiksmai yra nepakei\u010diamai \u012fra\u0161yti blockchain<\/em> technologija?<\/strong> Kuo ilgesnis i\u0161maniosios sutarties vykdymas, tuo ma\u017eiau ji i\u0161mani, nes d\u0117l nuo jos sudarymo prad\u017eios pasikeitusi\u0173 aplinkybi\u0173, pvz. teis\u0117s akt\u0173 pakeitim\u0173, priimt\u0173 teism\u0173 sprendim\u0173 ir pan., sutarties \u012fvykdymas gali b\u016bti apsunkintas ar pasidaryti nebe\u012fmanomas. Toki\u0173 aplinkybi\u0173 atsiradimo rizika tur\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti numatyta ir \u012fra\u0161yta i\u0161maniojoje sutartyje, ta\u010diau vis tiek kol kas lieka neai\u0161ku, kaip, pavyzd\u017eiui, b\u016bt\u0173 vykdomas teismo sprendimas \u012fpareigoti \u0161alis nutraukti i\u0161mani\u0105j\u0105 sutart\u012f ar pripa\u017einti j\u0105 negaliojan\u010dia nuo jos sudarymo momento.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kaip u\u017etikrinti i\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 konfidencialum\u0105? <\/strong>Naudojantis vie\u0161a blockchain<\/em> technologija visos i\u0161maniosios sutarties s\u0105lygos gali b\u016bti prieinamos bet kam, nors, tik\u0117tina, kad did\u017eioji dauguma toki\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 \u0161ali\u0173 nor\u0117t\u0173 i\u0161saugoti privatum\u0105, nebent kalba eit\u0173 apie vie\u0161\u0173j\u0173 pirkim\u0173 sutartis. Konfidencialumo u\u017etikrinimui \u0161alys tur\u0117t\u0173 naudoti privat\u0173 blockchain<\/em> tinkl\u0105 savo i\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 sudarymui ar kitas technologines priemones, ribojan\u010dias pri\u0117jim\u0105 prie i\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 s\u0105lyg\u0173.<\/p>\n

Taigi, i\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 dar laukia daug i\u0161\u0161\u016bki\u0173. Viena i\u0161 galimybi\u0173 i\u0161spr\u0119sti bent dal\u012f teisini\u0173 klausim\u0173 yra arbitra\u017ein\u0117s i\u0161lygos nustatymas i\u0161maniojoje sutartyje. Kompetentingo arbitra\u017eo pasitelkimas leist\u0173 \u0161alims grei\u010diau ir efektyviau spr\u0119sti i\u0161 i\u0161maniosios sutarties kylan\u010dius gin\u010dus. \u0160alys gal\u0117t\u0173 abipusiu susitarimu nustatyti, pagal kurios \u0161alies jurisdikcij\u0105, kurios \u0161alies arbitra\u017eas, kokios sud\u0117ties, kokia kalba ir kur nagrin\u0117t\u0173 gin\u010dus. Vertinant gin\u010do temos sud\u0117tingum\u0105, sutarties \u0161alys gal\u0117t\u0173 pasirinkti arbitrus, turin\u010dius specifini\u0173 \u017eini\u0173 ir patirties programavime, blockchain<\/em> technologijos ir i\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 taikyme.<\/p>\n

Bet kuriuo atveju, ketinantiems ar patiems \u012fdiegti, ar naudotis tre\u010di\u0173j\u0173 asmen\u0173 parengtomis i\u0161maniosioms sutartimis vert\u0117t\u0173 i\u0161 anksto pasidom\u0117ti ir detaliau paanalizuoti konkre\u010dias j\u0173 taikymo s\u0105lygas ir atvejus. Jei tai naujas dalykas, neturintis realios naudojimo istorijos, jis tur\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti tinkamai pratestuotas, patikrintas ir \u012fvertintas, t. y. nereik\u0117t\u0173 pasitik\u0117ti ir naudotis bandom\u0105ja beta<\/em> i\u0161maniosios sutarties versija realaus sandorio sudarymui. Tik\u0117tina, kad netolimojoje ateityje blockchain<\/em> ir i\u0161maniosios sutartys bus naudojamos verslo modeliuose taip pat masi\u0161kai kaip \u0161iuo metu naudojamas internetas, tod\u0117l tam reikia ruo\u0161tis jau dabar.<\/p>\n

Advokat\u0173 kontoros \u201eCobalt\u201d vyresnysis teisininkas, advokatas Nerijus Jurkus<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kalbant apie verslo ir informacini\u0173 technologij\u0173 artimiausias perspektyvas \u0161iandien ne\u012fmanoma i\u0161siversti be blok\u0173 grandin\u0117s (angl. blockchain) technologijos ir i\u0161mani\u0173j\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 (angl. smart contracts). Nesiveliant \u012f ilg\u0105 technologin\u012f aptarim\u0105, blockchain galima trumpai apib\u016bdinti kaip skaitmenin\u0119 decentralizuot\u0105 \u012fra\u0161\u0173 sistem\u0105, dar vadinama paskirstyt\u0173j\u0173..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":8320,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"country":[92],"class_list":["post-27627","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-lt","country-lithuania-lt"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nI\u0161maniosios sutartys \u2013 ar jau galima naudoti? | COBALT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"I\u0161maniosios sutartys \u2013 ar jau galima naudoti?. News. Naujienos. Jaunumi. 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