{"id":27681,"date":"2023-10-08T22:35:56","date_gmt":"2023-10-08T19:35:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.www.cobalt.legal\/?p=27681"},"modified":"2023-10-08T22:35:56","modified_gmt":"2023-10-08T19:35:56","slug":"ar-gig-economy-pakeis-tradicine-darbo-santykiu-savoka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cobalt.legal\/lt\/news-cases\/ar-gig-economy-pakeis-tradicine-darbo-santykiu-savoka\/","title":{"rendered":"Ar gig economy pakeis tradicin\u0119 darbo santyki\u0173 s\u0105vok\u0105?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gig economy<\/em> \u2013 taip apib\u016bdinama \u0161iuolaikinio verslo modelio atmaina, kai prekes ar paslaugas teikiantys asmenys \u012fdarbinti trumpam arba \u012ftraukiami kaip subtiek\u0117jai per paslaug\u0173 sutart\u012f ir nesukuria ilgalaiki\u0173 ry\u0161i\u0173 su \u201edarbo dav\u0117ju\u201d. Da\u017enai toks \u012fdarbinimas vyksta per elektronin\u0119 platform\u0105, kurios pagrindu \u0161ie asmenys gali patys planuoti savo darbo laik\u0105 bei u\u017eimtum\u0105. Sud\u0117jus gig economy<\/em> su on demand economy<\/em> (kai prekes ar paslaugas galima gauti akimirksniu) bei jau pla\u010diai aptarta dalinimosi ekonomika, gauname stereotipin\u012f Silikono sl\u0117nio startuol\u012f.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Viena svarbiausi\u0173 toki\u0173 \u012fmoni\u0173 paslaug\u0173 teikimo pusi\u0173 yra technologin\u0117 \u2013 tinkamos platformos suk\u016brimas tam, kad \u012f j\u0105 b\u016bt\u0173 galima pritraukti kuo daugiau klient\u0173 ir pavieni\u0173 paslaug\u0173 teik\u0117j\u0173 (vairuotoj\u0173, valytoj\u0173, \u0161ef\u0173 ir kt.). Da\u017enai startuolis paties paslaug\u0173 teikimo proceso nekontroliuoja \u2013 pasir\u016bpinama tinkamu paslaug\u0173 teik\u0117jo atrinkimu, kartais ir pradiniu apmokymu, klient\u0173 patikra bei, svarbiausia, abiej\u0173 \u0161i\u0173 veik\u0117j\u0173 \u201esuvedimu\u201c reikiamu metu, reikiamoje vietoje ir u\u017e priimtin\u0105 kain\u0105. Atsiskaitymas per platform\u0105 ne grynaisiais pinigais padaro \u0161\u012f sandor\u012f dar patrauklesn\u012f.<\/p>\n

Pasigirsta vis daugiau tvirtinim\u0173, kad gig economy<\/em> i\u0161 esm\u0117s pakeis tradicinius darbo santykius. Tradicinio, fiksuoto dyd\u017eio ir kiekvien\u0105 m\u0117nes\u012f gaunamo darbo u\u017emokes\u010dio s\u0105voka i\u0161nyks, o kiekvienas bus atsakingas pats u\u017e save. Kitaip tariant, kiek dirbu, tiek ir u\u017edirbu. Tradicin\u012f gyvenimo apra\u0161ym\u0105, kuriame \u0161m\u0117\u017euoja darbovie\u010di\u0173 pavadinimai, pakeis apib\u016bdinimai freelancer<\/em> ir enterpreneur<\/em>. Atsisak\u0119 grie\u017etos darbotvark\u0117s ir \u012fgalin\u0119 kiekvien\u0105 b\u016bti savo laiko \u0161eimininku, i\u0161laisvinsime kiekvieno i\u0161 m\u016bs\u0173 potencial\u0105 kurti inovacijas, dirbti ir u\u017esidirbti.<\/p>\n

Ta\u010diau gausu ir prie\u0161ing\u0173 pasteb\u0117jim\u0173, kad naujoji gig economy<\/em> yra ne kas kita kaip saviapgaul\u0117 \u2013 mokes\u010di\u0173 ir socialini\u0173 prievoli\u0173 perk\u0117limas ant darbuotojo pe\u010di\u0173, tokiu b\u016bdu sutaupant verslo i\u0161laidas ir atpiginant teikiam\u0105 paslaug\u0105. Keis\u010diausia, kad diskusijos netyla startuoli\u0173 t\u0117vyn\u0117je JAV. Dar 2015 m. Kalifornijos Darbo Komisija pri\u0117m\u0117 sprendim\u0105, kad Uber vairuotojas tur\u0117jo b\u016bti \u012fdarbintas kaip darbuotojas, nes sutarties esm\u0117 atitiko darbo santykius.<\/p>\n

Uber s\u0105skaitoje jau du darbuotoj\u0173 grup\u0117s pareik\u0161ti ie\u0161kiniai \u2013 Masa\u010dusetse ir Kalifornijoje, o 2016 m. gegu\u017e\u0119 pareik\u0161tas ir tre\u010diasis. Pasiekti taik\u0173 susitarim\u0105 pirm\u0173j\u0173 dviej\u0173 gin\u010d\u0173 atveju Uber kainavo per 84 milijonus JAV doleri\u0173, ta\u010diau skai\u010diuojama, kad \u012fdarbinti visus vairuotojus kaip darbuotojus bei mok\u0117ti su darbo u\u017emokes\u010diu susijusius mokes\u010dius kompanijai kainuot\u0173 nepalyginamai daugiau.<\/p>\n

Kitas pavyzdys, kai nepalank\u016bs teismo sprendimai prisid\u0117jo prie startuolio \u201emirties\u201c yra dar viena JAV kompanija Homejoy. Homejoy tikslas buvo kilnus \u2013 i\u0161laisvinti nam\u0173 savininkus nuo kasdienio j\u0173 tvarkymo, o nam\u0173 tvarkytojams ar asmenims, kurie nor\u0117t\u0173 gauti papildom\u0173 pajam\u0173, u\u017etikrinti pastovi\u0105 klient\u0173 baz\u0119.<\/p>\n

Naudodamasis Homejoy program\u0117le, klientas keliais mygtuko paspaudimais gal\u0117jo u\u017esisakyti nam\u0173 valymo paslaugas, o sutartu metu prie dur\u0173 slenks\u010dio pasirodydavo nam\u0173 tvarkytojas su visomis valymo priemon\u0117mis. Lyg Uber, ta\u010diau skirta namams. Paslauga i\u0161 prad\u017ei\u0173 veik\u0117 puikiai, kompanijos steig\u0117jai pritrauk\u0117 net 38 milijonus JAV doleri\u0173 investicij\u0173 ir nuolat pl\u0117t\u0117 miest\u0173, kuriuose buvo teikiamos Homejoy paslaugos, s\u0105ra\u0161\u0105. Kompanija netgi buvo prad\u0117jusi veikti Kanadoje, Did\u017eiojoje Britanijoje bei Vokietijoje. Homejoy buvo pasitelkusi daugiau nei 1000 nam\u0173 tvarkytoj\u0173.<\/p>\n

2015 m. Homejoy sustabd\u0117 veikl\u0105. Be finansini\u0173 sunkum\u0173 prie Homejoy \u201emirties\u201c \u017eenkliai prisid\u0117jo nam\u0173 tvarkytoj\u0173 pareik\u0161ti ie\u0161kiniai d\u0117l neteisingo su jais pasira\u0161yt\u0173 sutar\u010di\u0173 klasifikavimo. Homejoy su visais tvarkytojais sudarydavo paslaug\u0173 sutartis ir nelaik\u0117 j\u0173 darbuotojais. Ta\u010diau kompanija gana \u017eenkliai kontroliavo tvarkytoj\u0173 darbo proces\u0105. Ie\u0161kiniuose prie\u0161 Homejoy minima, kad kompanija parinkdavo namus, kuriuos reik\u0117s sutvarkyti, laik\u0105, kada reik\u0117s tvarkyti, liep\u0117 d\u0117v\u0117ti mar\u0161kin\u0117lius su Homejoy logotipu. Tvarkytojas netur\u0117jo galimyb\u0117s kontroliuoti savo grafiko, negal\u0117jo rinktis klient\u0173, nam\u0173, kuriuos reik\u0117s tvarkyti. Kai Homejoy paskirdavo nauj\u0105 darb\u0105, jis automati\u0161kai buvo laikomas priimtu. Visi \u0161ie po\u017eymiai leid\u017eia manyti, kad tarp Homejoy ir tvarkytoj\u0173 buvo susiklost\u0119 darbo santykiai.<\/p>\n

Reik\u0117t\u0173 atkreipti d\u0117mes\u012f, kad pagrindinis darbo santyki\u0173 po\u017eymis yra subordinacija. Tai rei\u0161kia, kad darbdavys kontroliuoja darbo proces\u0105 ir suteikia nurodymus, kaip jis turi vykti. Jei sudaryta paslaug\u0173 sutartis, abi jos \u0161alys yra laikomos lygiavert\u0117mis, o paslaugos teik\u0117jas turi galimyb\u0119 pats nuspr\u0119sti, kaip teikti paslaug\u0105. Paslaug\u0173 sutarties atveju svarbiausias yra rezultatas. Jei \u0161alis sieja darbo santykiai, svarbu nuolat, vadovaujantis darbdavio nustatytomis taisykl\u0117mis vykdyti u\u017eduotis, neatsi\u017evelgiant \u012f tai, kad kiekviena i\u0161 t\u0173 u\u017eduo\u010di\u0173 gali tur\u0117ti ai\u0161ki\u0105 prad\u017ei\u0105 ir pabaig\u0105 (rezultat\u0105).<\/p>\n

Atsi\u017evelgusi \u012f min\u0117tuose ie\u0161kiniuose pateiktus reikalavimus Homejoy nusprend\u0117 sustabdyti veikl\u0105. \u012edarbinti visus nam\u0173 tvarkytojus kaip darbuotojus b\u016bt\u0173 buv\u0119 pernelyg brangu ir paslaugos ka\u0161tai jau nebeb\u016bt\u0173 tokie konkurencingi. Be to, vienas i\u0161 ie\u0161kini\u0173 buvo vadinamasis grup\u0117s ie\u0161kinys, t.y. tvarkytojas pateik\u0117 ie\u0161kin\u012f savo ir vis\u0173 kit\u0173 nukent\u0117jusi\u0173 vardu. Ie\u0161kin\u012f patenkinus, Homejoy b\u016bt\u0173 prival\u0117jusi atsiskaityti su visais tvarkytojais, ne tik tuo, kuris pateik\u0117 ie\u0161kin\u012f. Taigi, veiklos modelis ir kainodara paremti tuo, kad asmenys, u\u017euot \u012fdarbinti darbuotojais, pasitelkiami kaip paslaugos teik\u0117jai, \u0161iuo atveju pasirod\u0117 neatsparus rizikai.<\/p>\n

Vert\u0117t\u0173 pamin\u0117ti, kad kai kurie startuoliai nusprend\u0117 nebeeksperimentuoti ir savo paslaug\u0173 tiek\u0117jams pasi\u016bl\u0117 tapti darbuotojais. Geras tokio poky\u010dio pavyzdys gal\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti Instacart, JAV veikianti kompanija, kuri geriausiai b\u016bt\u0173 apib\u016bdinama kaip m\u016bsi\u0161k\u0117s \u201eBarboros\u201c atitikmuo bei Shyp \u2013 kompanija, kuri pasitelkusi priva\u010dius asmenis vykdo siunt\u0173 perve\u017eimo paslaugas.<\/p>\n

Taigi, atrodo, kad bent jau kol kas gig economy<\/em> revoliucijos nepadar\u0117. Net ir tos kompanijos, kurios prad\u0117jo savo veikl\u0105 pasitelkusios paslaug\u0173 teik\u0117jus, v\u0117liau per\u0117jo prie tradicinio \u2013 darbo santyki\u0173 \u2013 modelio. Kol kas n\u0117ra ai\u0161ku, ar toks \u017eingsnis buvo nulemtas rizikos, kad paslaug\u0173 santykiai b\u016bt\u0173 pripa\u017einti darbo santykiais, ar to, kad startuoliai nori atrodyti socialiai atsakingi ir gerbiantys savo darbuotojus. Ar tai rei\u0161kia, kad gig economy<\/em> modelis \u017eus? Anaiptol – ne. Tie rinkos \u017eaid\u0117jai, kurie tinkamai organizuos savo veikl\u0105, ir toliau s\u0117kmingai veiks pasitelk\u0119 gig economy<\/em> model\u012f. Juk tinkamai laikantis \u0161io modelio \u017eenkliai ma\u017einami ka\u0161tai. Vis\u0173 pirma, nereikia mok\u0117ti su darbo u\u017emokes\u010diu susijusi\u0173 mokes\u010di\u0173. Antra, nereikia suteikti darbo vietos, darbo priemoni\u0173 ar netgi uniform\u0173 ar mar\u0161kin\u0117li\u0173.<\/p>\n

Ta\u010diau svarbu tai, kad gig economy<\/em> modelis nebus pritaikomas absoliu\u010diai visose verslo srityse. Normalu, kad vienose srityse reikalinga didesn\u0117 paslaug\u0173 teik\u0117j\u0173 kontrol\u0117 ir standartizuoti procesai, kitose kontrol\u0117 yra ma\u017eesn\u0117 ir, i\u0161 ties\u0173, svarbesnis rezultatas nei pats procesas. Taigi, ten, kur kontrol\u0117 didesn\u0117, yra didesn\u0117 tikimyb\u0117, kad santykiai tarp \u012fmon\u0117s ir paslaug\u0173 teik\u0117jo b\u016bt\u0173 pripa\u017einti darbo santykiais.<\/p>\n

Nors JAV tebevyksta teisiniai m\u016b\u0161iai, Lietuvoje, pana\u0161u, kad paslaug\u0173 teik\u0117j\u0173 ir darbuotoj\u0173 takoskyra yra ai\u0161kesn\u0117. Neseniai Valstybin\u0117 darbo inspekcija (VDI) paskelb\u0117, kad Uber vairuotojai n\u0117ra darbuotojai \u2013 jie individuali\u0105 veikl\u0105 vykdantys asmenys, tod\u0117l j\u0173 santykius su Uber reguliuoja civilin\u0117s, o ne darbo teis\u0117s normos. VDI pasteb\u0117jo, kad Uber vairuotojai gali patys organizuoti savo laik\u0105, netgi susitarti su klientu d\u0117l kitokio apmok\u0117jimo, o Uber nesuteikia jiems joki\u0173 darbo priemoni\u0173, i\u0161skyrus galimyb\u0119 naudotis platforma.<\/p>\n

Lietuvoje atsiranda vis daugiau tarptautini\u0173 paslaug\u0173 teik\u0117j\u0173, taigi turime puiki\u0105 prog\u0105 steb\u0117ti ir vertinti, ar visame pasaulyje populiari gig economy<\/em> sukels revoliucij\u0105 m\u016bs\u0173 darbo rinkoje.<\/p>\n

Advokat\u0173 kontoros \u201eCobalt\u201c asocijuota teisinink\u0117 Jovita Valatkait\u0117<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gig economy \u2013 taip apib\u016bdinama \u0161iuolaikinio verslo modelio atmaina, kai prekes ar paslaugas teikiantys asmenys \u012fdarbinti trumpam arba \u012ftraukiami kaip subtiek\u0117jai per paslaug\u0173 sutart\u012f ir nesukuria ilgalaiki\u0173 ry\u0161i\u0173 su \u201edarbo dav\u0117ju\u201d. Da\u017enai toks \u012fdarbinimas vyksta per elektronin\u0119 platform\u0105, kurios pagrindu..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":21267,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"country":[92],"class_list":["post-27681","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-lt","country-lithuania-lt"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAr gig economy pakeis tradicin\u0119 darbo santyki\u0173 s\u0105vok\u0105? | COBALT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ar gig economy pakeis tradicin\u0119 darbo santyki\u0173 s\u0105vok\u0105?. News. Naujienos. Jaunumi. 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