{"id":18667,"date":"2023-08-04T20:35:42","date_gmt":"2023-08-04T17:35:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stage.www.cobalt.legal\/?p=18667"},"modified":"2024-02-22T10:23:18","modified_gmt":"2024-02-22T08:23:18","slug":"ieskats-lgbtq-tiesibu-attistiba-un-potenciala-latvija","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cobalt.legal\/lv\/news-cases\/ieskats-lgbtq-tiesibu-attistiba-un-potenciala-latvija\/","title":{"rendered":"Ieskats LGBTQ+ ties\u012bbu att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101 un potenci\u0101l\u0101 Latvij\u0101"},"content":{"rendered":"

2022. gada 14. febru\u0101r\u012b ILGA-Europe public\u0113ja ikgad\u0113jo p\u0101rskatu par lesbie\u0161u, geju, biseksu\u0101\u013cu, transseksu\u0101lu personu un interseksu\u0101\u013cu personu cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu st\u0101vokli, tostarp aptverot notikumus Eirop\u0101 no 2021. gada janv\u0101ra l\u012bdz decembrim. Ar m\u0113r\u0137i aktualiz\u0113t diskusiju par LGBT cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu st\u0101vokli Latvij\u0101, v\u0113lamies sniegt ieskatu gan ILGA-Europe atspogu\u013cotajos secin\u0101jumos, gan \u0161\u012b br\u012b\u017ea tiesiskaj\u0101 regul\u0113jum\u0101 (vai t\u0101 neesam\u012bb\u0101) Latvijas ties\u012bbu telp\u0101.<\/p>\n

K\u0101 zin\u0101ms, Latvija ir viena no se\u0161\u0101m valst\u012bm Eiropas Savien\u012bb\u0101, kas nek\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 neregul\u0113 viendzimumu p\u0101ru savien\u012bbas, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di nesniedzot \u0161\u0101diem p\u0101riem ar\u012b nek\u0101du aizsardz\u012bbu. Ta\u010du regul\u0113juma tr\u016bkums ir tikai viena no probl\u0113m\u0101m, ar kur\u0101m ir j\u0101saskaras LGBT kopienas p\u0101rst\u0101vjiem. Atbilsto\u0161i piemin\u0113tajam ILGA-Europe 2021. gada p\u0101rskatam[1]<\/a><\/sup>, Latvij\u0101 joproj\u0101m neiztiekam bez uz aizspriedumiem motiv\u0113tiem izteikumiem un vardarb\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

Ta\u010du nevar\u0113tu teikt, ka cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu jom\u0101 \u0161ajos jaut\u0101jumos \u0161obr\u012bd esam bezcer\u012bg\u0101 situ\u0101cij\u0101. Protams, ne bez starpgad\u012bjumiem, bet 2021. un ar\u012b 2022. gad\u0101 tiek turpin\u0101ts darbs pie 2020. gad\u0101 aktualiz\u0113taj\u0101m probl\u0113m\u0101m Latvijas tiesiskaj\u0101 sist\u0113m\u0101. Proti, l\u012bdz ar Satversmes tiesas spriedumu[2]<\/a><\/sup>, ar kuru b\u0113rna m\u0101tes partnerei tika atz\u012btas ties\u012bbas uz t\u0113va jeb vec\u0101ka atva\u013cin\u0101jumu, cerams, esam non\u0101ku\u0161i pagrieziena punkt\u0101, kur ar\u012b viendzimumu p\u0101ru veidot\u0101s \u0123imenes var\u0113s baud\u012bt aizsardz\u012bbu, uz\u0146emties pien\u0101kumus vienam pret otru un \u012bstenot ties\u012bbas. Ar \u0161o rakstu autores v\u0113las sniegt konspekt\u012bvu apskatu par \u0161o jaut\u0101jumu att\u012bst\u012bbu Eiropas telp\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b Latvij\u0101.<\/p>\n

T\u0101pat b\u016btiska ir ar\u012b transpersonu aizsardz\u012bba, kas pagaid\u0101m Latvij\u0101 regul\u0113ta v\u0113l maz\u0101k.<\/p>\n

Viendzimuma p\u0101ru tiesisk\u0101 aizsardz\u012bba<\/h3>\n

Latvijas \u0161\u0101br\u012b\u017ea situ\u0101cija<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nav \u0161aubu, ka pagrieziena punkts viendzimumu p\u0101ru \u0123ime\u0146u aizsardz\u012bb\u0101 ir divi Satversmes tiesas spriedumi \u2013 par t\u0113va atva\u013cin\u0101juma pien\u0101k\u0161anos b\u0113rna biolo\u0123isk\u0101s m\u0101tes partnerei[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0un mantojuma nodevu aizg\u0101j\u0113ja partnerim[3]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Konkretiz\u0113jot likumdev\u0113ja no Satversmes 110. panta izrieto\u0161o pien\u0101kumu, Satversmes tiesa ir nor\u0101d\u012bjusi uz diviem savstarp\u0113ji saist\u012btiem elementiem:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. pien\u0101kumu nodro\u0161in\u0101t \u0123imenes juridisko aizsardz\u012bbu; un<\/li>\n
  2. pien\u0101kumu nodro\u0161in\u0101t \u0123imenes soci\u0101lo un ekonomisko aizsardz\u012bbu un atbalstu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Pirmo elementu likumdev\u0113js var izpild\u012bt, nosakot \u0123imenes attiec\u012bbu dal\u012bbnieku personisk\u0101s un mantisk\u0101s attiec\u012bbas[4]<\/a><\/sup>, ta\u010du otro elementu – konkretiz\u0113jot likum\u0101 \u0123imenes ties\u012bbas uz \u012bpa\u0161u aizsardz\u012bbu un atbalstu, proti, paredzot likum\u0101 da\u017e\u0101dus \u0123imenes aizsardz\u012bbas un atbalsta pas\u0101kumus.[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Turkl\u0101t, k\u0101 vair\u0101kk\u0101rt\u012bgi uzsv\u0113rusi Satversmes tiesa, \u2013 ja valsts nenosaka \u0123imenes attiec\u012bbu tiesisko regul\u0113jumu, tad nav iesp\u0113jams \u0161o attiec\u012bbu dal\u012bbniekiem nodro\u0161in\u0101t ar\u012b Satversmes 110. pant\u0101 ietvert\u0101s soci\u0101l\u0101s un ekonomisk\u0101s ties\u012bbas.[6]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Citiem v\u0101rdiem, nenosakot \u0123imenes attiec\u012bbu tiesisko regul\u0113jumu, nav iesp\u0113jams izpild\u012bt likumdev\u0113ja pien\u0101kumu.<\/p>\n

    Ar m\u0113r\u0137i izpild\u012bt Satversmes tiesas spriedumu, Saeim\u0101 tre\u0161aj\u0101 las\u012bjum\u0101 atrodas Civil\u0101s savien\u012bbas likuma likumprojekts[7]<\/a><\/sup>, ar kuru likumdev\u0113js v\u0113las atrisin\u0101t (vismaz da\u013cu) no jaut\u0101jumiem un probl\u0113m\u0101m, ar kur\u0101m saskaras viendzimumu p\u0101ru \u0123imenes. Protams, likumdev\u0113ja cinisk\u0101 attieksme, kas noveda pie strupce\u013ca attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz Civil\u0101s savien\u012bbas likuma pie\u0146em\u0161anu, b\u016btu atsevi\u0161\u0137as diskusijas v\u0113rta. Jebkur\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101, autoru ieskat\u0101, lai gan Civil\u0101s savien\u012bbas likums ir liels un pla\u0161s solis uz Satversmes 110. pant\u0101 noteikto ties\u012bbu pie\u0161\u0137ir\u0161anu viendzimumu p\u0101ru \u0123imen\u0113m, tas joproj\u0101m neatrisin\u0101tu visus jaut\u0101jumus vai probl\u0113mas, ar kuriem p\u0101ri saskaras.<\/p>\n

    \u0160obr\u012bd, kam\u0113r likumdev\u0113js nav izpild\u012bjis ar Satversmes tiesas spriedumiem noteiktos pien\u0101kumus, administrat\u012bv\u0101s tiesas sekm\u0113 un piedal\u0101s \u0161\u0101du \u0123ime\u0146u aizsardz\u012bb\u0101. Proti, atbilsto\u0161i Augst\u0101k\u0101s tiesas Sen\u0101ta Administrat\u012bvo lietu departamenta 2021. gada 10. decembra spriedumam liet\u0101 SKA-[B1]\/2021\u00a0 atz\u012btajam, viendzimumu p\u0101ru \u0123ime\u0146u juridisk\u0101 aizsardz\u012bba nav ties\u012bbpolitiska iz\u0161\u0137ir\u0161anas.[8]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0L\u012bdz ar to, kam\u0113r likumdev\u0113js nav izstr\u0101d\u0101jis meh\u0101nismu tam, k\u0101 tiek atz\u012btas viendzimumu personu \u0123imenes attiec\u012bbas, \u0161\u0101du konstat\u0113\u0161anu ir ties\u012bgas veikt tiesas.<\/p>\n

    K\u0101 redzam no publiski pieejam\u0101s inform\u0101cijas, p\u0101ri ar\u012b akt\u012bvi izmanto \u0161\u0101das ties\u012bbas un l\u016bdz ties\u0101m konstat\u0113t \u0123imenes esam\u012bbas faktu.[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

    Protams, nav atrisin\u0101ts jaut\u0101jums, k\u0101 \u0161\u0101ds konstat\u0113jo\u0161s spriedums \u0123imen\u0113m pal\u012bdz\u0113s, piem\u0113ram, civiltiesisk\u0101s attiec\u012bb\u0101s ar tre\u0161aj\u0101m person\u0101m. Negrib\u0113tos pieredz\u0113t, ka ikkatr\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101, kad p\u0101ris v\u0113l\u0113sies \u012bstenot no \u0123imenes statusa piem\u012bto\u0161as ties\u012bbas, p\u0101rim ir nepiecie\u0161ams atkal uzs\u0101kt tiesved\u012bbu par to sa\u0146em\u0161anu vai \u012bsteno\u0161anu. Min\u0113tais sevi\u0161\u0137i spilgti izgaismo, k\u0101d\u0113\u013c ir nepiecie\u0161ams partnerattiec\u012bbu jomu regul\u0113jo\u0161s ties\u012bbu akts, kas ieviestu ties\u012bbu sist\u0113m\u0101 instit\u016btu, kas atz\u012bst ar\u012b viendzimumu p\u0101ru veidotas \u0123imenes un atvieglotu ties\u012bbu piem\u0113rot\u0101jiem veidus, k\u0101 \u013caut person\u0101m piem\u012bto\u0161\u0101s ties\u012bbas \u012bstenot.<\/p>\n

    Starptautiskie standarti<\/strong><\/p>\n

    V\u0113rt\u0113jot nacion\u0101lo regul\u0113jumu, neesam vakuum\u0101 un valstij b\u016btu j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 ar\u012b pien\u0101kumi, kas izriet gan no Eiropas Savien\u012bbas ties\u012bb\u0101m, gan no Cilv\u0113ka ties\u012bbu un pamatbr\u012bv\u012bbu aizsardz\u012bbas konvencijas (turpm\u0101k – Konvencija).<\/p>\n

    Z\u012bm\u012bgi, ka \u0161obr\u012bd atrodamies l\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101 situ\u0101cij\u0101 k\u0101 It\u0101lija pirms Eiropas Cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu tiesas (turpm\u0101k – ECT) sprieduma liet\u0101 Oliari un citi pret It\u0101liju pie\u0146em\u0161anas.[10]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Proti, min\u0113t\u0101 lieta attiec\u0101s uz visp\u0101r\u0113ju vajadz\u012bbu p\u0113c viendzimuma attiec\u012bbu juridisk\u0101s atz\u012b\u0161anas un pras\u012bt\u0101ju k\u0101 viendzimuma p\u0101ru aizsardz\u012bbas. ECT uzsv\u0113ra, ka b\u016btiska noz\u012bme lietas izskat\u012b\u0161anas ietvaros ir viendzimuma juridisko p\u0101ru atz\u012b\u0161anas virz\u012bbai, kura turpina iev\u0113rojami strauji att\u012bst\u012bties ne tikai Eirop\u0101, bet vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113. Attiec\u012bgi \u0161\u0101da sava veida vienpr\u0101t\u012bba starp Eiropas Padomes dal\u012bbvalst\u012bm nor\u0101da uz to, ka valst\u012bm attiec\u012bgo l\u0113mumu pie\u0146em\u0161an\u0101 ir pie\u0161\u0137irama \u0161aur\u0101ka r\u012bc\u012bbas br\u012bv\u012bba. V\u0113l jo vair\u0101k ECT nor\u0101d\u012bja uz jau iepriek\u0161\u0113ju It\u0101lijas konstitucion\u0101l\u0101s tiesas un kas\u0101cijas tiesas izvirz\u012bto nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbu atz\u012bt un aizsarg\u0101t \u0161\u0101das attiec\u012bbas. Savuk\u0101rt apzin\u0101tais likumdev\u0113ja un izpildvaras m\u0113\u0123in\u0101jums nov\u0113rst gal\u012bga un izpild\u0101ma sprieduma izpildi nevar tikt pamatots ar le\u0123it\u012bm\u0101m sabiedr\u012bbas vai kopienas interes\u0113m. L\u012bdz ar to ECT konstat\u0113ja, ka It\u0101lijas vald\u012bba ir p\u0101rsniegusi savu r\u012bc\u012bbas br\u012bv\u012bbu \u0161aj\u0101 jaut\u0101jum\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b nav izpild\u012bjusi tai uzlikto pozit\u012bvo pien\u0101kumu nodro\u0161in\u0101t\u00a0 pieteikuma iesniedz\u0113jiem \u012bpa\u0161u tiesisko regul\u0113jumu, kas atz\u012btu un aizsarg\u0101tu viena dzimuma savien\u012bbas. T\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 tika konstat\u0113ts Konvencijas 8.panta p\u0101rk\u0101pums.<\/p>\n

    Noz\u012bm\u012bgi, ka ar\u012b ECT 2021. gada 13. j\u016blija liet\u0101 Fedotova un citi pret Krievijas Feder\u0101ciju[11]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0(spriedums gan tika p\u0101rs\u016bdz\u0113ts) ir atrodamas vair\u0101kas atzi\u0146as, kas b\u016btu piem\u0113rojamas Latvijas \u0161\u012b br\u012b\u017ea situ\u0101cijai. Lai gan ECT nor\u0101d\u012bja, ka Konvencijas l\u012bgumsl\u0113dz\u0113jvalst\u012bm nav skaidri noteikts pien\u0101kums atz\u012bt viendzimuma savien\u012bbu, ta\u010du ir b\u016btiski atrast taisn\u012bgu l\u012bdzsvaru starp t\u0101 pa\u0161a dzimuma p\u0101ru interes\u0113m un visas kopienas interes\u0113m. Lai ar\u012b p\u0113c b\u016bt\u012bbas viendzimuma p\u0101riem nav liegts dz\u012bvot kop\u0101 k\u0101 \u0123imenei, \u0161\u0101d\u0101m person\u0101m nebija l\u012bdzek\u013cu, lai \u0161\u0101das attiec\u012bbas tiktu atz\u012btas ar likumu, k\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 person\u0101m tika un tiek liegta iesp\u0113ja piek\u013c\u016bt m\u0101jok\u013ca vai finans\u0113juma programm\u0101m, apmekl\u0113t partnerus slimn\u012bc\u0101, liegtas atsevi\u0161\u0137as garantijas krimin\u0101lprocesa ietvaros, piem\u0113ram, neliecin\u0101t pret partneri, k\u0101 ar\u012b ties\u012bbas mantot miru\u0161\u0101 partnera \u012bpa\u0161umu.<\/p>\n

    \u0160aj\u0101 liet\u0101 ECT izv\u0113rt\u0113ja vair\u0101kus Krievijas vald\u012bbas apgalvojumus. Pirmk\u0101rt, tika nor\u0101d\u012bts, ka Krievijas iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji neatbalsta viendzimuma savien\u012bbas. Attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz \u0161o argumentu ECT nor\u0101d\u012bja, ka ir b\u016btiska at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba starp piek\u0101p\u0161anos tautas atbalstam par labu Konvencijas garantiju tv\u0113ruma papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161anai un situ\u0101ciju, kad uz \u0161\u0101da pamata tiek veikta pamatties\u012bbu ierobe\u017eo\u0161ana. Konvencijas ties\u012bbu \u012bsteno\u0161ana b\u016btu iev\u0113rojami ierobe\u017eota, ja t\u0101 b\u016btu atkar\u012bga no sabiedr\u012bbas vair\u0101kuma piekri\u0161anas vai labv\u0113l\u012bbas. Otrk\u0101rt, Krievija nor\u0101d\u012bja uz nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbu aizsarg\u0101t nepilngad\u012bgos no homoseksu\u0101lit\u0101tes izpausm\u0113m, ta\u010du, p\u0113c ECT ieskata, \u0161\u0101ds arguments uz lietu nebija attiecin\u0101ms. K\u0101 p\u0113d\u0113jais arguments tika min\u0113ta tradicion\u0101las laul\u012bbas aizsardz\u012bba, ta\u010du ECT nevar\u0113ja saskat\u012bt jebk\u0101dus riskus, ko viendzimuma savien\u012bbu atz\u012b\u0161ana var\u0113tu rad\u012bt tradicion\u0101lajai \u0123imenei vai t\u0101s aizsardz\u012bbai. \u0160o argumentu rezult\u0101t\u0101 ECT konstat\u0113ja, ka nav identific\u0113jamas domin\u0113jo\u0161as kopienas intereses, kuras b\u016btu nepiecie\u0161ams l\u012bdzsvarot ar iesniedz\u0113ju interes\u0113m. Krievijas Feder\u0101cija sp\u0113jusi pamatot viena dzimuma savien\u012bbas neatz\u012b\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

    J\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka \u0161\u012bs lietas izskat\u012b\u0161ana Eiropas Cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu tiesas Lielaj\u0101 pal\u0101t\u0101 pieteic\u0113jiem labv\u0113l\u012bga rezult\u0101ta gad\u012bjum\u0101 sniegtu skaidru Eiropas Cilv\u0113kties\u012bbas nost\u0101ju \u0161aj\u0101 jaut\u0101jum\u0101 un nor\u0101d\u012btu uz tiesas konsensu, ka valst\u012bm no Konvencijas 8. panta izriet pozit\u012bvais pien\u0101kums ieviest tiesisku regul\u0113jumu kas aizsarg\u0101 viendzimumu p\u0101rus. Ta\u010du ar\u012b gad\u012bjum\u0101, ja \u0161\u012bs lietas izskat\u012b\u0161ana neturpin\u0101sies un spriedums st\u0101sies sp\u0113k\u0101 (iev\u0113rojot Krievijas Feder\u0101cijas izsl\u0113g\u0161anu no Eiropas Padomes), tas b\u016bs noz\u012bm\u012bga Eiropas Cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu tiesas judikat\u016bras sast\u0101vda\u013ca.<\/p>\n

    Apkopojot min\u0113to, ir skaidrs, ka gan no nacion\u0101l\u0101m, gan starptautisk\u0101m ties\u012bbu norm\u0101m Latvijai izriet pien\u0101kums aizsarg\u0101t viendzimumu p\u0101ru veidotas \u0123imenes. Turkl\u0101t \u0161\u012b br\u012b\u017ea tendence \u013cauj secin\u0101t: ja likumdev\u0113js nepild\u012bs savu pien\u0101kumu, ar vien vair\u0101k p\u0101ru turpin\u0101s mekl\u0113t iesp\u0113jas k\u0101 aizst\u0101v\u0113t savas likum\u012bg\u0101s intereses un ties\u012bbas ar tiesu starpniec\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

    Transpersonu tiesisk\u0101 aizsardz\u012bba<\/h3>\n

    1989. gad\u0101 Eiropas Padomes Parlament\u0101r\u0101s asamblejas rekomend\u0101cija Nr.\u00a01117(1989) k\u0101 viens no pirmajiem juridiskas dabas skaidrojumiem par jaut\u0101jumiem, kas saist\u012bti ar dzimuma mai\u0146u, s\u0101ka veidot juridisku izpratni par transseksu\u0101lismu. Rekomend\u0101cij\u0101 skaidrots, ka transseksu\u0101lismu raksturo div\u0113j\u0101das, savstarp\u0113ji nesaskan\u012bgas izj\u016btas – viena fizisk\u0101, otra psiholo\u0123isk\u0101 – kas kop\u012bgi rada tik dzi\u013cu p\u0101rliec\u012bbu par pieder\u012bbu otram dzimumam, ka transseksu\u0101lai personai rodas v\u0113lme sevi prezent\u0113t k\u0101 pret\u0113j\u0101 dzimuma p\u0101rst\u0101vi, l\u016bdzot veikt ar\u012b attiec\u012bgas \u0137erme\u0146a fiziskas izmai\u0146as. Personas, kas izj\u016bt \u0161\u0101du sava \u0137erme\u0146a un psiholo\u0123isk\u0101s izpratnes par sevi nesavienojam\u012bbu, ir pak\u013cautas nep\u0101rtraukt\u0101m cie\u0161an\u0101m un diskomfortam.<\/p>\n

    Medic\u012bnas progress m\u016bsdien\u0101s sniedz iesp\u0113ju ar medic\u012bnisku manipul\u0101ciju pal\u012bdz\u012bbu atdarin\u0101t pret\u0113j\u0101 dzimuma \u0101r\u0113j\u0101s paz\u012bmes, t\u0101d\u0113\u013c transseksu\u0101las personas var veikt t.s. dzimuma mai\u0146as oper\u0101cijas un cita veida medic\u012bnisku iejauk\u0161anos, piem\u0113ram, hormonu terapiju, lai p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas saska\u0146otu personas biolo\u0123isko dzimumu ar t\u0101s psiholo\u0123iskaj\u0101m izj\u016bt\u0101m.<\/p>\n

    Augst\u0101k\u0101s tiesas prakse<\/strong><\/p>\n

    T\u0101 k\u0101 dzimums ir viena no int\u012bm\u0101kaj\u0101m personas identit\u0101tes iez\u012bm\u0113m, dzimumu mai\u0146as jaut\u0101jums ietilpst personas ties\u012bb\u0101s uz priv\u0101t\u0101s dz\u012bves neaizskaram\u012bbu, kuras Latvij\u0101 ietvertas Satversmes 96.\u00a0pant\u0101. Pav\u0113rsiena punkts jaut\u0101jum\u0101 par transseksu\u0101lu personu ties\u012bb\u0101m Latvij\u0101 bija Augst\u0101k\u0101s tiesas 2008. gada 14. janv\u0101ra spriedums liet\u0101 Nr. SKA \u2013 5\/2008. Augst\u0101k\u0101 tiesa nor\u0101d\u012bja, ka valstij ir j\u0101nodro\u0161ina ar transseksu\u0101lismu saist\u012bto jaut\u0101jumu risin\u0101\u0161ana gan likumdo\u0161anas ce\u013c\u0101, gan valsts p\u0101rvald\u0113. Turkl\u0101t tas j\u0101dara p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas personu saudz\u0113jo\u0161\u0101 veid\u0101. Valstij ir pien\u0101kums atz\u012bt personas dzimuma mai\u0146u, lai tiktu nov\u0113rstas situ\u0101cijas, kad personas juridiskais statuss nesaskan ar t\u0101s faktisko dzimumu (un t\u0101 uztveri sabiedr\u012bb\u0101).<\/p>\n

    Augst\u0101k\u0101 tiesa ir izdal\u012bjusi tr\u012bs paz\u012bmju grupas, kas veido izpratni par dzimumu \u2013 biolo\u0123isk\u0101s, psiholo\u0123isk\u0101s un soci\u0101l\u0101s. Ar biolo\u0123iskaj\u0101m paz\u012bm\u0113m pamat\u0101 saprotamas dzimumorg\u0101nu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas un citas \u0101r\u0113j\u0101 izskata paz\u012bmes, psiholo\u0123isk\u0101s paz\u012bmes apraksta to, k\u0101 persona pati sevi identific\u0113 un vai patie\u0161\u0101m ir gatava visu turpm\u0101ko dz\u012bvi aizvad\u012bt k\u0101 pret\u0113j\u0101 dzimuma persona, ta\u010du soci\u0101l\u0101s paz\u012bmes apraksta specifisku kult\u016bras ietekm\u0113 veidojo\u0161os \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbu kopumu, kas nosaka sievie\u0161u un v\u012brie\u0161u soci\u0101lo uzved\u012bbu. Biolo\u0123isko dzimuma paz\u012bmju faktiska izmain\u012b\u0161ana prasa vair\u0101kk\u0101rt\u0113jas un nopietnas medic\u012bniskas manipul\u0101cijas un rada b\u016btiskas fiziskas, tai skait\u0101 neatgriezeniskas, izmai\u0146as, tostarp \u013coti augstu neaugl\u012bbas risku. L\u012bdz ar to tiesa nor\u0101d\u012bja, ka personas izv\u0113li veikt dzimuma mai\u0146u nevar uzskat\u012bt par vieglpr\u0101t\u012bgu vai patva\u013c\u012bgu izv\u0113li. No otras puses, valstij l\u012bdz\u0101s pien\u0101kumam atz\u012bt dzimuma mai\u0146u ir ar\u012b pien\u0101kums r\u016bp\u012bgi p\u0101rbaud\u012bt, vai dzimuma mai\u0146a patie\u0161\u0101m ir notikusi un persona uz visu turpm\u0101ko dz\u012bvi ir gatava dz\u012bvot k\u0101 pret\u0113j\u0101 dzimuma p\u0101rst\u0101vis. Ne katrreiz personas r\u012bc\u012bba, sabiedr\u012bb\u0101 sevi prezent\u0113jot k\u0101 cita dzimuma personu vai veicot k\u0101das darb\u012bbas sava \u0137erme\u0146a p\u0101rveido\u0161anai, noz\u012bm\u0113 beznosac\u012bjuma ties\u012bbas piepras\u012bt dzimuma mai\u0146as publisku atz\u012b\u0161anu.[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

    B\u016btiski, ka tiesas secin\u0101jumu tv\u0113rums bija v\u0113l pla\u0161\u0101ks par personas ties\u012bb\u0101m uz dzimuma mai\u0146as oper\u0101ciju. Tiesa atzina, ka gr\u016bt\u012bbas vai neiesp\u0113jam\u012bba veikt piln\u012bgai dzimuma mai\u0146ai nepiecie\u0161am\u0101s oper\u0101cijas \u012bs\u0101 laika posm\u0101 nevar ierobe\u017eot personas ties\u012bbas pieder\u0113t tai soci\u0101lajai grupai, kurai t\u0101 j\u016btas pieder\u012bga, ja persona veic no savas gribas atkar\u012bgas, turkl\u0101t \u2013 neatgriezeniskas, darb\u012bbas \u0161\u0101 m\u0113r\u0137a sasnieg\u0161anai. L\u012bdz ar to l\u0113mum\u0101 par dzimuma mai\u0146as re\u0123istr\u0101ciju tiek \u0146emtas v\u0113r\u0101 nevis tikai biolo\u0123isk\u0101s paz\u012bmes, kas apliecin\u0101tas ar \u0101rsta vai \u0101rstniec\u012bbas iest\u0101des izzi\u0146u, bet ar\u012b personas pa\u0161as identific\u0113\u0161an\u0101s ar konkr\u0113to dzimumu, k\u0101 ar\u012b personas soci\u0101l\u0101 uzved\u012bba un tas, k\u0101 vi\u0146u uztver sabiedr\u012bba, jo tie\u0161i saskar\u0113 ar citiem cilv\u0113kiem persona \u012bsteno savu dzimuma lomu.[12]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

    Redzams, ka prim\u0101ri iz\u0161\u0137iramas transseksu\u0101lo personu ties\u012bbas uz dzimuma mai\u0146as re\u0123istr\u0101ciju, kurai pak\u0101rtoti skat\u0101ma citu ties\u012bbu realiz\u0101cija.<\/p>\n

    Ties\u012bbas uz dzimuma mai\u0146as re\u0123istr\u0101ciju<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Pirmk\u0101rt, dzimuma mai\u0146as re\u0123istr\u0101cija Latvij\u0101 \u0161obr\u012bd ir iesp\u0113jama, veicot izmai\u0146as dzim\u0161anas re\u0123istr\u0101, iesniedzot attiec\u012bgu apliecin\u0101jumu, pamatojoties uz Civilst\u0101vok\u013ca aktu likuma 37.\u00a0panta pirmo da\u013cu. Par \u0161\u0101du apliecin\u0101jumu var kalpot personas iesniegums, tiesas spriedums, medic\u012bniska rakstura izzi\u0146a, vai cita veida dokuments.[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

    Tom\u0113r nav neviena ties\u012bbu akta, kas skaidrotu, k\u0101 un p\u0113c k\u0101diem krit\u0113rijiem tiek v\u0113rt\u0113ts, vai dzimuma mai\u0146a Civilst\u0101vok\u013ca aktu likuma izpratn\u0113 ir notikus. Tas var sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt dzimuma mai\u0146as re\u0123istr\u0101cijas procesu un b\u016btiski ietekm\u0113t personas, kas veikusi dzimuma mai\u0146u, ties\u012bbu baud\u012b\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

    L\u012bdz\u012bga situ\u0101cija saist\u012bb\u0101 ar regul\u0113juma tr\u016bkumu jau 2007. gad\u0101 tika v\u0113rt\u0113ta ECT liet\u0101 L. pret Lietuvu, jo Lietuva pie\u013c\u0101va dzimuma mai\u0146as re\u0123istr\u0101ciju, ta\u010du nebija ieviesusi regul\u0113jumu, kas reglament\u0113tu dzimuma mai\u0146as oper\u0101cijas. ECT atzina, ka Lietuva ir pie\u013c\u0101vusi Konvencijas 8.\u00a0panta p\u0101rk\u0101pumu, radot personai nom\u0101co\u0161u neskaidr\u012bbu attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz vi\u0146as paties\u0101s identit\u0101tes atz\u012b\u0161anu un priv\u0101to dz\u012bvi.[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

    Autores nor\u0101da, ka regul\u0113juma tr\u016bkums ne tikai kait\u0113 pa\u0161as personas ties\u012bbu baud\u012b\u0161anai, jo person\u0101m nav skaidrs, k\u0101dus dokumentus nepiecie\u0161ams iesniegt dzimuma mai\u0146as re\u0123istr\u0101cijai, bet ar\u012b pal\u0113nina valsts p\u0101rvaldes procesus un rada nekonsekvences risku t\u0101s darb\u012bb\u0101, lemjot par to, kuros gad\u012bjumos atz\u012bstams, ka persona ir main\u012bjusi dzimumu.<\/p>\n

    Dom\u0101jot par krit\u0113rijiem, k\u0101dus valstis var noteikt dzimuma mai\u0146as atz\u012b\u0161anai katr\u0101 konkr\u0113taj\u0101 dokument\u0101, ECT ir nor\u0101d\u012bjusi, ka valst\u012bm \u0161aj\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 ir pla\u0161a r\u012bc\u012bbas br\u012bv\u012bba. Piem\u0113ram, ECT 2022. gada 17. febru\u0101ra spriedum\u0101 liet\u0101 Y pret Poliju pieteic\u0113ja v\u0113l\u0113j\u0101s, lai ieraksts par dzimumu tiek main\u012bts ne tikai \u012bsaj\u0101 dzim\u0161anas apliec\u012bbas versij\u0101, kas izsniegta personai, bet ar\u012b garaj\u0101 dzim\u0161anas apliec\u012bbas versij\u0101 (ori\u0123in\u0101l\u0101), kas nav publiski pieejama un izmantojama vien \u013coti \u0161aur\u0101 gad\u012bjumu lok\u0101. Valsts attiec\u0101s izdar\u012bt \u0161\u0101dus labojumus.[15]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Tiesa atzina, ka Konvencijas 8.\u00a0pants nav p\u0101rk\u0101pts, jo Polija r\u012bkojusies savas r\u012bc\u012bbas br\u012bv\u012bbas robe\u017e\u0101s, t\u0101 k\u0101 gar\u0101 dzim\u0161anas apliec\u012bbas versija nebija publiski pieejama, k\u0101 ar\u012b persona nebija pier\u0101d\u012bjusi, ka ieraksts tai b\u016btu rad\u012bjis jebk\u0101da veida negat\u012bvas sekas.<\/p>\n

    Vienlaikus valsts r\u012bc\u012bbas br\u012bv\u012bba nav neierobe\u017eota – proti, t\u0101 nevar ierobe\u017eot atz\u012b\u0161anu p\u0113c b\u016bt\u012bbas vai noteikt tai nesam\u0113r\u012bgus priek\u0161noteikumus.<\/p>\n

    2017. gada liet\u0101 A.P., Garcon un Nicot pret Franciju tr\u012bs transseksu\u0101las personas v\u0113rs\u0101s ties\u0101 par valsts atteikumu main\u012bt dzim\u0161anas apliec\u012bb\u0101s ierakstus par dzimumu un v\u0101rdu. Pras\u012bt\u0101jas citastarp nor\u0101d\u012bja, ka dzimuma mai\u0146as atz\u012b\u0161ana ir atkar\u012bga no t\u0101das oper\u0101cijas veik\u0161anas, kas saist\u012bta ar augstu neaugl\u012bbas iesp\u0113jam\u012bbu, k\u0101 ar\u012b valsts piepras\u012bjusi medic\u012bniskas p\u0101rbaudes veik\u0161anu un apliecin\u0101jumu par to, ka persona patiesi sirgst ar dzimuma identit\u0101tes trauc\u0113jumiem jeb nesaskan\u012bbu starp personas biolo\u0123isko dzimumu un iek\u0161\u0113jo psiholo\u0123isko izj\u016btu. Izv\u0113rt\u0113jot \u0161os argumentus, ECT atzina, ka Konvencijas 8.\u00a0panta p\u0101rk\u0101pums nav konstat\u0113jams gad\u012bjumos, kad valsts pieprasa apliecin\u0101t, ka personai patie\u0161\u0101m ir dzimuma identit\u0101tes trauc\u0113jumi, k\u0101 ar\u012b medic\u012bnisk\u0101s p\u0101rbaudes veik\u0161anas nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbu, ta\u010du vienlaikus nor\u0101d\u012bja, ka valsts nevar noteikt t\u0101du regul\u0113jumu, atbilsto\u0161i kuram transseksu\u0101lu personu seksu\u0101l\u0101s identit\u0101tes atz\u012b\u0161ana ir atkar\u012bga no oper\u0101cijas vai steriliz\u0101cijas proced\u016bras veik\u0161anas, kuru persona nev\u0113las. Personas piln\u012bga ties\u012bbu uz priv\u0101t\u0101s dz\u012bves neaizskaram\u012bbu \u012bsteno\u0161ana nevar b\u016bt atkar\u012bga no atteik\u0161an\u0101s no piln\u012bgas ties\u012bbu uz fizisk\u0101s neaizskaram\u012bbas iev\u0113ro\u0161anu \u012bsteno\u0161anas.[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

    Citu ties\u012bbu \u012bsteno\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u012asi apskatot problem\u0101tiku saist\u012bb\u0101 ar transseksu\u0101lo personu citu ties\u012bbu izlieto\u0161anu, vispirms j\u0101nor\u0101da uz Augst\u0101k\u0101s tiesas atzi\u0146u, ka transseksu\u0101lo personu ties\u012bbu regul\u0113juma jaut\u0101jumi ietver ne tikai konkr\u0113t\u0101s personas priv\u0101t\u0101s intereses, bet ar\u012b t\u0101s tuvinieku intereses, k\u0101 laul\u0101tais un b\u0113rni, k\u0101 ar\u012b sabiedr\u012bbas intereses kopum\u0101, kas valstij ir j\u0101l\u012bdzsvaro, risinot katru individu\u0101lo gad\u012bjumu. Te v\u0113rts atsaukties ar\u012b uz atzi\u0146u, ka tie\u0161i saskar\u0113 ar citiem cilv\u0113kiem persona \u012bsteno savu dzimuma lomu, kas veido to, k\u0101 personu uztver sabiedr\u012bba.<\/p>\n

    Ties\u012bbu ierobe\u017eojums saist\u012bb\u0101 ar transseksu\u0101las personas ties\u012bbu izlieto\u0161anu saist\u012bb\u0101 ar laul\u0101to ir, piem\u0113ram, pras\u012bba p\u0113c dzimuma mai\u0146as laul\u012bbu \u0161\u0137irt (ja valsts neatz\u012bst laul\u012bbas starp viena dzimuma person\u0101m) vai p\u0101riet uz partnerattiec\u012bbu re\u0123istr\u0101cijas k\u0101rt\u012bbu (ja valsts regul\u0113jums t\u0101du paredz). \u0160\u0101dai iejauk\u0161an\u0101s personas un t\u0101s laul\u0101t\u0101 priv\u0101taj\u0101 dz\u012bv\u0113 nav saskat\u0101ms pamatojums.<\/p>\n

    Turpretim saist\u012bb\u0101 ar b\u0113rna interes\u0113m var tikt ierobe\u017eotas transseksu\u0101lu personu saskarsmes ties\u012bbas, lai aizsarg\u0101tu b\u0113rna intereses. Piem\u0113ram, 2010.\u00a0gada 30.\u00a0novembra spriedum\u0101 liet\u0101 P.V. pret Sp\u0101niju ECT atzina, ka valsts nav pie\u013c\u0101vusi Konvencijas 8. panta un 14. panta p\u0101rk\u0101pumu, nosakot saskarsmes ties\u012bbu ierobe\u017eojumu ar transseksu\u0101l\u0101s personas tobr\u012bd se\u0161gad\u012bgo b\u0113rnu, paredzot pak\u0101penisku saskarsmes ties\u012bbu ierobe\u017eojuma mazin\u0101\u0161anu, \u013caujot b\u0113rnam pierast pie vec\u0101ka dzimuma mai\u0146as.[17]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Vienlaikus nav pie\u013caujama situ\u0101cija, kur dzimuma mai\u0146as d\u0113\u013c saskarsmes ties\u012bbas tiek liegtas kopum\u0101.[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n

    Latvijas ties\u012bbu aktos pagaid\u0101m transseksu\u0101las personas ar \u0123imenes ties\u012bb\u0101m saist\u012bto jaut\u0101jumu regul\u0113jums nav ietverts un ir risin\u0101ms, katrai personai individu\u0101li v\u0113r\u0161oties kompetentaj\u0101 iest\u0101d\u0113 vai ties\u0101.<\/p>\n

    Nobeiguma viet\u0101<\/h3>\n

    \u0160obr\u012bd esam b\u016btisk\u0101 p\u0101rmai\u0146u posm\u0101, kur\u0101 mums ir izdev\u012bba atrisin\u0101t daudzus sas\u0101p\u0113ju\u0161us un aktu\u0101lus jaut\u0101jumus. Autores var tikai paust cer\u012bbu, ka likumdev\u0113js veiks un \u012bstenos t\u0101dus pas\u0101kumus, kas b\u016bs v\u0113rsti uz efekt\u012bvu LGBT kopienas p\u0101rst\u0101vju un \u0123ime\u0146u aizsardz\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

    No analiz\u0113t\u0101s inform\u0101cijas un publiskaj\u0101 vid\u0113 pieejam\u0101s inform\u0101cijas var secin\u0101t, ka \u0161obr\u012bd priek\u0161pl\u0101n\u0101 ir izvirz\u012bjusies diskusija par viendzimumu p\u0101ru \u0123imen\u0113m, ta\u010du autores cer, ka dr\u012bzum\u0101 non\u0101ksim ar\u012b pie sak\u0101rtota transseksu\u0101lu personu tiesisk\u0101 regul\u0113juma Latvij\u0101.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Public\u0113ts:\u00a0https:\/\/www.cilvektiesibas.info\/raksti\/ieskats-lgbtq-tiesibu-attistiba-latvija<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    2022. gada 14. febru\u0101r\u012b ILGA-Europe public\u0113ja ikgad\u0113jo p\u0101rskatu par lesbie\u0161u, geju, biseksu\u0101\u013cu, transseksu\u0101lu personu un interseksu\u0101\u013cu personu cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu st\u0101vokli, tostarp aptverot notikumus Eirop\u0101 no 2021. gada janv\u0101ra l\u012bdz decembrim. Ar m\u0113r\u0137i aktualiz\u0113t diskusiju par LGBT cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu st\u0101vokli Latvij\u0101, v\u0113lamies sniegt..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":34317,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"country":[96],"class_list":["post-18667","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-lv","country-latvia-lv"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nIeskats LGBTQ+ ties\u012bbu att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101 un potenci\u0101l\u0101 Latvij\u0101 | COBALT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ieskats LGBTQ+ ties\u012bbu att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101 un potenci\u0101l\u0101 Latvij\u0101. News. Naujienos. Jaunumi. 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