{"id":34905,"date":"2024-03-11T09:34:57","date_gmt":"2024-03-11T07:34:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cobalt.legal\/?p=34905"},"modified":"2024-06-03T13:24:29","modified_gmt":"2024-06-03T10:24:29","slug":"finansu-pakalpojumu-pieejamiba-un-risku-mazinasana-tiesiskais-regulejums-un-prakse","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cobalt.legal\/lv\/news-cases\/finansu-pakalpojumu-pieejamiba-un-risku-mazinasana-tiesiskais-regulejums-un-prakse\/","title":{"rendered":"Finan\u0161u pakalpojumu pieejam\u012bba un risku mazin\u0101\u0161ana \u2013 tiesiskais regul\u0113jums un prakse"},"content":{"rendered":"

Finan\u0161u iest\u0101\u017eu izv\u0113le nesadarboties ar augsta riska klientiem bie\u017ei vien non\u0101k pretrun\u0101 ar ekonomikas att\u012bst\u012bbai svar\u012bgu priek\u0161nosac\u012bjumu \u2013 finan\u0161u pakalpojumu pieejam\u012bbu. \u0160\u012b probl\u0113ma p\u0113d\u0113jos gados tiek aktualiz\u0113ta gan starptautisk\u0101, gan nacion\u0101l\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b. \u0160aj\u0101 publik\u0101cij\u0101 COBALT vec\u0101kais speci\u0101lists, jurists Ivo Cimdi\u0146\u0161<\/a> sniedz padzi\u013cin\u0101tu ieskatu taj\u0101, k\u0101 finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bba (pieejam\u012bba finan\u0161u produktiem un pakalpojumiem) un risku mazin\u0101\u0161ana jeb derisk\u0113\u0161ana mijiedarbojas tiesiskaj\u0101 regul\u0113jum\u0101 un praks\u0113 un k\u0101das p\u0101rmai\u0146as sagaid\u0101mas n\u0101kotn\u0113.<\/p>\n

Finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bba (financial inclusion<\/em>) jeb finan\u0161u integr\u0101cija p\u0101rsvar\u0101 tiek defin\u0113ta k\u0101 process, kas nodro\u0161ina pien\u0101c\u012bgu, \u0101tru un atbilsto\u0161u piek\u013cuvi finan\u0161u produktiem un pakalpojumiem. Savuk\u0101rt finan\u0161u atstumt\u012bba (financial exclusion<\/em>) ir process, kur\u0101 j\u0101saskaras ar gr\u016bt\u012bb\u0101m piek\u013c\u016bt finan\u0161u pakalpojumiem un produktiem, kas nepiecie\u0161ami pamata finansi\u0101lo vajadz\u012bbu piepild\u012b\u0161anai. Piek\u013cuve vismaz pamata finan\u0161u produktiem un pakalpojumiem ir priek\u0161noteikums cilv\u0113ka dal\u012bbai m\u016bsdienu ekonomiskaj\u0101 un ar\u012b soci\u0101laj\u0101 dz\u012bv\u0113. Finan\u0161u pakalpojumu pieejam\u012bba p\u0101rsvar\u0101 ir atkar\u012bga no maks\u0101juma konta pieejam\u012bbas indiv\u012bdiem, m\u0101jsaimniec\u012bb\u0101m un uz\u0146\u0113mumiem.<\/p>\n

Savuk\u0101rt derisk\u0113\u0161ana (de-risking<\/em>) jeb riska mazin\u0101\u0161anas pas\u0101kumi ir finan\u0161u iest\u0101\u017eu atteik\u0161an\u0101s uzs\u0101kt dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbas vai dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbu p\u0101rtrauk\u0161ana ar atsevi\u0161\u0137iem klientiem vai klientu kategorij\u0101m, kas saist\u012btas ar paaugstin\u0101tu risku (p\u0101rsvar\u0101 noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0101cijas un terorisma vai prolifer\u0101cijas finans\u0113\u0161anas, sankciju un citiem riskiem).<\/p>\n

Abi \u0161ie j\u0113dzieni savstarp\u0113ji mijiedarbojas un realit\u0101t\u0113 var non\u0101kt viens otram pretrun\u0101.<\/p>\n

Finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bba<\/strong><\/p>\n

Finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bba pal\u012bdz veicin\u0101t att\u012bst\u012bbu. Iek\u013caujo\u0161as finan\u0161u sist\u0113mas cilv\u0113kam \u013cauj efekt\u012bvi piedal\u012bties soci\u0101laj\u0101 dz\u012bv\u0113, g\u016bt un p\u0101rvald\u012bt ien\u0101kumus, veidot uzkr\u0101jumus, ietaup\u012bt pensijai, g\u016bt pe\u013c\u0146u no uz\u0146\u0113m\u0113jdarb\u012bbas un st\u0101ties pret\u012b finan\u0161u satricin\u0101jumiem. Savuk\u0101rt finan\u0161u atstumt\u012bba kav\u0113 iesp\u0113ju nopeln\u012bt, aizsarg\u0101ties kr\u012bzes laik\u0101 un veidot finansi\u0101lo notur\u012bbu. Da\u017eos avotos ar\u012b min\u0113ts, ka finan\u0161u sist\u0113m\u0101 iek\u013cauts indiv\u012bds var b\u016bt maz\u0101k pak\u013cauts kr\u0101pniec\u012bbas un citu noziedz\u012bgu nodar\u012bjumu riskiem, k\u0101diem tas ir pak\u013cauts, paliekot \u0113nu ekonomik\u0101.<\/p>\n

\u0160aj\u0101 rakst\u0101 netiks iztirz\u0101ta finan\u0161u pakalpojumu piek\u013c\u016bstam\u012bbas problem\u0101tika, kas izriet no 2019.\u00a0gada 17.\u00a0apr\u012b\u013ca direkt\u012bvas\u00a02019\/882\/ES<\/a>\u00a0par produktu un pakalpojumu piek\u013c\u016bstam\u012bbas pras\u012bb\u0101m.\u00a0Latvijas Pre\u010du un pakalpojumu piek\u013c\u016bstam\u012bbas likums<\/a>, kas ievie\u0161 \u0161o direkt\u012bvu [likums st\u0101sies sp\u0113k\u0101 2025. gada 28. j\u016bnij\u0101 \u2013 red.<\/em>], nosaka pien\u0101kumu organiz\u0113t darbu t\u0101, lai noteikti pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101jiem paredz\u0113tie pakalpojumi b\u016btu pieejami vis\u0101m person\u0101m, kur\u0101m ir \u012bslaic\u012bgi vai ilgsto\u0161i fiziski, gar\u012bgi, intelektu\u0101li vai ma\u0146u trauc\u0113jumi, neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, vai invalidit\u0101te ir vai nav ofici\u0101li noteikta.<\/p>\n

Finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bba nav tikai maz\u0101k att\u012bst\u012bto valstu probl\u0113ma citur pasaul\u0113. 2021.\u00a0gad\u0101 vair\u0101k nek\u0101 13 miljoniem pieaugu\u0161o Eiropas Savien\u012bbas pilso\u0146u joproj\u0101m nav biju\u0161i pieejami finan\u0161u pakalpojumi.1<\/a><\/p>\n

Da\u017e\u0101s Eiropas Savien\u012bbas da\u013c\u0101s bankas konta nav pat 30% iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju. Latvij\u0101 \u0161is r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js nav tik draud\u012bgs \u2013 bez bankas konta ir tikai mazliet vair\u0101k nek\u0101 3% cilv\u0113ku. Tom\u0113r skaitlisk\u0101 izteiksm\u0113 2021. gada r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ji liecin\u0101ja, ka vair\u0101k nek\u0101 53 t\u016bksto\u0161iem iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju \u2013 gandr\u012bz tik lielai pils\u0113tai k\u0101 Jelgava \u2013 nav bankas konta.<\/p>\n

K\u0101 liecina Finan\u0161u nozares asoci\u0101cijas dati2<\/a>, Latvijas bank\u0101s 2021. gad\u0101, sal\u012bdzinot ar iepriek\u0161\u0113jo gadu, par gandr\u012bz 31 t\u016bkstoti samazin\u0101j\u0101s klientu skaits. No tiem gandr\u012bz 27 t\u016bksto\u0161i bija fiziskas personas, bet vair\u0101k nek\u0101 \u010detri t\u016bksto\u0161i \u2013 juridisk\u0101s personas3<\/a>. Lai gan n\u0101kamaj\u0101 gad\u0101 klientu skaits palielin\u0101j\u0101s, tas nesasniedza iepriek\u0161\u0113jo l\u012bmeni. Visticam\u0101k, iemesls klientu skaita sarukumam bank\u0101s ir ne tikai demogr\u0101fijas izmai\u0146as un proakt\u012bva p\u0101reja pie alternat\u012bviem nebanku maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jiem, bet ar\u012b banku derisk\u0113\u0161anas pas\u0101kumi. Tas cita starp\u0101 noved pie kontu atv\u0113r\u0161anas \u0101rvalst\u012bs (piem\u0113ram, Lietuvas bank\u0101s un maks\u0101jumu iest\u0101d\u0113s).<\/p>\n

Par vienu no b\u016btisk\u0101kajiem finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bbas instrumentiem Eiropas Savien\u012bb\u0101 ir j\u0101uzskata 2014.\u00a0gada 23.\u00a0j\u016blija Direkt\u012bva 2014\/92\/ES par maks\u0101jumu kontu tarifu sal\u012bdzin\u0101m\u012bbu, maks\u0101jumu kontu mai\u0146u un piek\u013cuvi maks\u0101jumu kontiem ar pamatfunkcij\u0101m (Kontu direkt\u012bva<\/a>). T\u0101 ievie\u0161 ar\u012b pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ja pamatkontu (maks\u0101juma kontu ar pamata funkcij\u0101m). Par pamatkontu uzskata parasti ierobe\u017eot\u0101kas funkcionalit\u0101tes maks\u0101juma kontu, kas nodro\u0161ina vismaz \u0161\u0101dus pakalpojumus (ja t\u0101dus kred\u012btiest\u0101de sniedz): naudas l\u012bdzek\u013cu iemaksa un iz\u0146em\u0161ana, maks\u0101jumi (tostarp regul\u0101rie un tie\u0161\u0101 debeta), internetbanka un maks\u0101jumu karte.<\/p>\n

Kontu direkt\u012bva nosaka ties\u012bbas uz pamatkontu jebkuram pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101jam, kas ir Eiropas Savien\u012bbas rezidents un kas likum\u012bgi uzturas Eiropas Savien\u012bbas teritorij\u0101. T\u0101s preambulas 3.\u00a0apsv\u0113rums noteic, ka \u201cnetrauc\u0113ta iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 tirgus darb\u012bba un m\u016bsdien\u012bgas un soci\u0101li iek\u013caujo\u0161as ekonomikas izveide arvien vair\u0101k k\u013c\u016bst atkar\u012bga no maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu visp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101s pieejam\u012bbas\u201d.<\/p>\n

Kontu direkt\u012bva nostiprina Eiropas Savien\u012bbas Pamatties\u012bbu hartas univers\u0101l\u0101s v\u0113rt\u012bbas saist\u012bb\u0101 ar maks\u0101jumu konta pieejam\u012bbu. \u0160\u012b direkt\u012bva par vienu no m\u0113r\u0137iem noteikusi to, ka dal\u012bbvalst\u012bm j\u0101nodro\u0161ina piek\u013cuve maks\u0101jumu kontiem ar pamatfunkcij\u0101m neatkar\u012bgi no pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ja finan\u0161u apst\u0101k\u013ciem, piem\u0113ram, nodarbin\u0101t\u012bbas statusa, ien\u0101kumu l\u012bme\u0146a, kred\u012btv\u0113stures vai personisk\u0101 bankrota.<\/p>\n

Ievie\u0161ot Kontu direkt\u012bvu,\u00a0Latvijas Maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu un elektronisk\u0101s naudas likums<\/a>\u00a0(Maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu likums) ir papildin\u0101ts ar XIII1<\/sup> noda\u013cu \u201cPat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ja pamatkonts\u201d. Kop\u0161 2017. gada pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ja pamatkonta regul\u0113jums garant\u0113 jebkuram Latvijas iedz\u012bvot\u0101jam ties\u012bbas atv\u0113rt pamatkontu sav\u0101m priv\u0101taj\u0101m vajadz\u012bb\u0101m. Saimniecisk\u0101s darb\u012bbas veic\u0113jiem t\u0101du visp\u0101r\u0113ju garantiju nav, un \u0161\u0101ds regul\u0113jums Eiropas Savien\u012bbas l\u012bmen\u012b (tostarp Latvij\u0101) v\u0113l ir tikai izv\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas proces\u0101.<\/p>\n

Lai gan, piem\u0113ram, Be\u013c\u0123ij\u0101 \u0161\u0101das garantijas ir iedibin\u0101tas nacion\u0101laj\u0101 regul\u0113jum\u0101 un ar\u012b uz\u0146\u0113mumiem tiek dotas ties\u012bbas uz bankas pamatpakalpojumiem,4<\/a>\u00a0kas \u0161\u0137iet visnota\u013c pa\u0161saprotami.<\/p>\n

Savuk\u0101rt 2015. gada 25. novembra Direkt\u012bva 2015\/2366 par maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumiem iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 tirg\u016b (Maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu direkt\u012bva<\/a>) nostiprina nebanku maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ju ties\u012bbas piek\u013c\u016bt banku kontiem, lai var\u0113tu sniegt maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumus.<\/p>\n

Maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu likum\u0101, ievie\u0161ot \u0161o direkt\u012bvu, noteikts, ka kred\u012btiest\u0101dei ir pien\u0101kums nodro\u0161in\u0101t maks\u0101jumu iest\u0101d\u0113m sam\u0113r\u012bgu un nediskrimin\u0113jo\u0161u piek\u013cuvi kred\u012btiest\u0101des sniegtajiem maks\u0101jumu konta pakalpojumiem. Piek\u013cuvei j\u0101b\u016bt pietiekami pla\u0161ai, lai maks\u0101jumu iest\u0101de sp\u0113tu efekt\u012bvi un netrauc\u0113ti sniegt maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumus. Jebk\u0101ds atteikums kred\u012btiest\u0101dei ir j\u0101pamato uzraugam (Latvij\u0101 \u2013 Latvijas Bankai) ne v\u0113l\u0101k k\u0101 piecu darba dienu laik\u0101.<\/p>\n

Savuk\u0101rt tre\u0161aj\u0101 jaunaj\u0101 maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu ties\u012bbu aktu priek\u0161likumu paket\u01135<\/a>\u00a0izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101 Maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu regula6<\/a>\u00a0pl\u0101no stiprin\u0101t pa\u0161reiz\u0113j\u0101s pras\u012bbas kred\u012btiest\u0101d\u0113m, paredzot, ka kred\u012btiest\u0101de var\u0113s atteikties atv\u0113rt vai vienpus\u0113ji sl\u0113gt maks\u0101jumu kontu maks\u0101jumu iest\u0101dei tikai noteikt\u0101s ierobe\u017eot\u0101s situ\u0101cij\u0101s. Par kred\u012btiest\u0101des l\u0113mumu atteikt piek\u013cuvi maks\u0101jumu kontam var\u0113s iesniegt p\u0101rs\u016bdz\u012bbu kompetentajai uzraudz\u012bbas iest\u0101dei.7<\/a><\/p>\n

Derisk\u0113\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u0101 min\u0113ts raksta s\u0101kum\u0101, t\u0101du r\u012bc\u012bbu, kad finan\u0161u iest\u0101de pie\u0146em l\u0113mumu atteikties nodibin\u0101t vai izbeigt dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbas ar atsevi\u0161\u0137iem klientiem vai klientu kategorij\u0101m, kas saist\u012btas ar augst\u0101ku risku, m\u0113dz d\u0113v\u0113t par derisk\u0113\u0161anu (de-risking<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Derisk\u0113\u0161anas l\u0113mumi var ietekm\u0113t ar\u012b klientus, kuriem ties\u012bbu akti nodro\u0161ina zin\u0101mas garantijas uz pakalpojumiem (piem\u0113ram, Kontu direkt\u012bva attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz fiziskaj\u0101m person\u0101m). T\u0101p\u0113c finan\u0161u iest\u0101\u017eu br\u012bv\u012bba defin\u0113t jebk\u0101dus derisk\u0113\u0161anas krit\u0113rijus tom\u0113r var b\u016bt ierobe\u017eojama.<\/p>\n

Pa\u0161reiz\u0113j\u0101s prakses raksturojums<\/strong><\/p>\n

Atbilsto\u0161i\u00a0Noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0101cijas un terorisma un prolifer\u0101cijas finans\u0113\u0161anas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likuma<\/a>\u00a0(Legaliz\u0101cijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likums), k\u0101 ar\u012b\u00a0Starptautisko un Latvijas Republikas nacion\u0101lo sankciju likuma<\/a>\u00a0(Sankciju likums) pras\u012bb\u0101m finan\u0161u iest\u0101d\u0113m ir pien\u0101kums izmantot uz risku balst\u012btu pieeju (risk-based approach<\/em>) un defin\u0113t riskus, k\u0101dus t\u0101s ir gatavas uz\u0146emties un k\u0101dus ne.<\/p>\n

Krit\u0113riji, p\u0113c k\u0101diem finan\u0161u iest\u0101des ir ties\u012bgas defin\u0113t savu riska apet\u012bti, nav strikti noteikti, un katra finan\u0161u iest\u0101de var diezgan br\u012bvi noteikt sev nev\u0113lamu klientu kategorijas.<\/p>\n

Piem\u0113ram, \u0161aj\u0101s kategorij\u0101s var tikt iek\u013cauts k\u0101ds \u012bpa\u0161s saimniecisk\u0101s vai personisk\u0101s darb\u012bbas veids, personas no augsta riska valst\u012bm, politiski noz\u012bm\u012bgas personas (PNP vai PEP), sankcion\u0113t\u0101s personas, to \u0123imenes locek\u013ci u. c. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka finan\u0161u iest\u0101des ir ties\u012bgas neuzs\u0101kt dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbas ar pa\u0161u noteikto klientu loku vai ar\u012b izbeigt t\u0101das dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbas, kur\u0101s tiek konstat\u0113ts p\u0101r\u0101k liels risks turpm\u0101kai sadarb\u012bbai.<\/p>\n

Lai izpild\u012btu Legaliz\u0101cijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likuma pras\u012bbas un iev\u0113rotu principu \u201cPaz\u012bsti savu klientu\u201d (Know your customer;\u00a0<\/em>KYC), likums finan\u0161u iest\u0101d\u0113m sniedz pla\u0161as ties\u012bbas r\u012bkoties, ja to r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 nav pien\u0101c\u012bgas inform\u0101cijas, lai p\u0101rvald\u012btu savus riskus, vai rodas aizdomas par nelikum\u012bgu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0101ciju vai t\u0101s m\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumu. Legaliz\u0101cijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likums finan\u0161u iest\u0101d\u0113m dod ties\u012bbas piepras\u012bt no saviem klientiem izp\u0113tei nepiecie\u0161amo inform\u0101ciju un dokumentus, k\u0101 ar\u012b nosaka gad\u012bjumus, kad dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbas nedr\u012bkst uzs\u0101kt vai ir j\u0101izbeidz vai kad ir j\u0101atturas no dar\u012bjuma veik\u0161anas.8<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u0101pat finan\u0161u iest\u0101des savu pakalpojumu standartl\u012bgumos ir iek\u013c\u0101vu\u0161as noteikumus, kas atbilsto\u0161i Legaliz\u0101cijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likuma pras\u012bb\u0101m gan paredz ties\u012bbas piepras\u012bt visu nepiecie\u0161amo inform\u0101ciju, gan ar\u012b nosaka civiltiesisk\u0101s vieno\u0161an\u0101s elementus nosl\u0113gto pakalpojumu l\u012bgumu izbeig\u0161anai. Finan\u0161u iest\u0101d\u0113m pakalpojuma l\u012bgum\u0101 ir iesp\u0113ja defin\u0113t da\u017e\u0101dus krit\u0113rijus un sadarb\u012bbas noteikumus.<\/p>\n

T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di t\u0101m ir divu veidu instrumenti, k\u0101 uztur\u0113t un ar\u012b izbeigt dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbas ar klientiem. Viens ir likumiskais \u2013 Legaliz\u0101cijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likuma 28., 32. un 43. pants \u2013, bet otrs \u2013 civiltiesiskais instruments, piem\u0113rojot standartl\u012bgumos iek\u013cautos noteikumus par inform\u0101cijas ieg\u016b\u0161anu un pakalpojumu izbeig\u0161anu. \u0160\u0101da prakse ir uzskat\u0101ma par visp\u0101rpie\u0146emamu, un Latvijas Banka sav\u0101s vadl\u012bnij\u0101s ir nor\u0101d\u012bjusi lab\u0101s prakses piem\u0113rus, kad iest\u0101des ir ties\u012bgas izbeigt dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbas uz likuma vai uz visp\u0101r\u0113jo dar\u012bjumu noteikumu pamata.9<\/a><\/p>\n

Legaliz\u0101cijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likuma subjektam ekonomiski var b\u016bt racion\u0101l\u0101k veikt savu klientu izp\u0113ti tikai t\u0101dos gad\u012bjumos un tikai tikt\u0101l, cikt\u0101l attiec\u012bgais process atbilst pa\u0161as finan\u0161u iest\u0101des defin\u0113tajam riska l\u012bmenim. Savuk\u0101rt, sasniedzot noteiktu riska robe\u017elielumu, \u201cdro\u0161\u0101k\u201d ir neuzs\u0101kt dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbas vai l\u012bdz\u0161in\u0113j\u0101s attiec\u012bbas izbeigt civiltiesisk\u0101 k\u0101rt\u0101, t. i., piem\u0113rojot k\u0101du no l\u012bguma izbeig\u0161anas nosac\u012bjumiem, kas paredz\u0113ti pakalpojuma l\u012bguma standartnoteikumos (visp\u0101r\u0113jos dar\u012bjumu noteikumos). Tie var b\u016bt ar\u012b gad\u012bjumi, kad Legaliz\u0101cijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likuma pras\u012bbas ir izpild\u0101mas, bet, piem\u0113ram, ir p\u0101r\u0101k apgr\u016btino\u0161as un l\u012bdz ar to ar\u012b d\u0101rgas.<\/p>\n

Pamatkonta atv\u0113r\u0161ana riska klientiem<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ievie\u0161ot Kontu direkt\u012bvu, Maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu likuma XIII1<\/sup>\u00a0noda\u013ca \u201cPat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ja pamatkonts\u201d nosaka finansi\u0101l\u0101s iek\u013caut\u012bbas garantijas jebkuram pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101jam, kas ir Eiropas Savien\u012bbas rezidents. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar Maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu likumu ikvienam \u0161\u0101dam pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101jam ir pamatties\u012bbas kred\u012btiest\u0101d\u0113 atv\u0113rt un izmantot maks\u0101jumu kontu ar pamatfunkcij\u0101m (pamatkonts). Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka pat t\u0101dam klientam, kur\u0161 nav kred\u012btiest\u0101des \u201cv\u0113lamo\u201d klientu lok\u0101, ir j\u0101nodro\u0161ina iesp\u0113ja atv\u0113rt un izmantot pamatkontu. \u0160eit savstarp\u0113ji mijiedarbojas finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bba un derisk\u0113\u0161anas prakse. Pat vair\u0101k\u00a0\u2013 jo ar\u012b t.\u00a0s. derisk\u0113tajai fiziskajai personai, ar kuru iepriek\u0161 ir izbeigtas dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbas, teor\u0113tiski ir j\u0101sp\u0113j nodro\u0161in\u0101t pamatkonta pakalpojums.<\/p>\n

Praks\u0113 tom\u0113r kred\u012btiest\u0101des atturas nodibin\u0101t turpm\u0101kas dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbas ar klientiem, kas non\u0101ku\u0161i nev\u0113lamo klientu lok\u0101. \u0160\u0101da dilemma ir j\u0101izv\u0113rt\u0113, ja klients p\u0113c standarta pakalpojuma konta aizv\u0113r\u0161anas piesak\u0101s atv\u0113rt pamatkontu, jo \u012bpa\u0161i, ja tas tiek dar\u012bts taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 kred\u012btiest\u0101d\u0113.<\/p>\n

Pamatkonta atv\u0113r\u0161ana Latvij\u0101 j\u0101nodro\u0161ina vis\u0101m kred\u012btiest\u0101d\u0113m. Ar\u012b t\u0101m, kuras izbeigu\u0161as dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbas ar konkr\u0113to klientu.<\/p>\n

Kred\u012btiest\u0101de var atteikt pamatkonta atv\u0113r\u0161anu tikai likum\u0101 noteiktajos gad\u012bjumos10<\/a>, tostarp tad, ja \u0161\u0101da konta atv\u0113r\u0161anas vai apkalpo\u0161anas d\u0113\u013c tiktu p\u0101rk\u0101ptas Legaliz\u0101cijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likuma pras\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

Te rodas jaut\u0101jums, vai kred\u012btiest\u0101dei, kurai, iepriek\u0161 sadarbojoties ar klientu, bija radu\u0161\u0101s aizdomas par noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0101ciju vai ar\u012b bija p\u0101r\u0101k apgr\u016btino\u0161i veikt klienta izp\u0113ti, ir ties\u012bbas \u0161\u012b iemesla d\u0113\u013c atteikties atv\u0113rt pamatkontu? Proti, vai v\u0113sturisk\u0101 klienta izp\u0113te var liecin\u0101t, ka pamatkonta atv\u0113r\u0161ana autom\u0101tiski rad\u012bs Legaliz\u0101cijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likuma pras\u012bbu p\u0101rk\u0101pumu?<\/p>\n

Ir pamats secin\u0101jumam, ka p\u0101r\u0101k sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101 izp\u0113te iepriek\u0161 (proti, t\u0101da, kas l\u012bdz galam nav pabeigta, jo bija p\u0101r\u0101k ilgsto\u0161a, resursietilp\u012bga vai cit\u0101di apgr\u016btino\u0161a) nevar k\u013c\u016bt par iemeslu atteikumam atv\u0113rt pamatkontu. T\u0101pat ar\u012b pabeigta klientu izp\u0113te ar apstiprin\u0101tiem negat\u012bviem secin\u0101jumiem nevar autom\u0101tiski liecin\u0101t, ka ar\u012b pamatkonta apkalpo\u0161ana turpm\u0101k rad\u012bs Legaliz\u0101cijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likuma pras\u012bbu p\u0101rk\u0101pumu. Piem\u0113ram, pamatkonta dar\u012bjumu raksturs ir prezum\u0113jams k\u0101 t\u0101ds, kas nepiecie\u0161ams ikdienas vajadz\u012bbu nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anai, un, cikt\u0101l l\u012bdzek\u013cu izcelsmi ir iesp\u0113jams noskaidrot, pa\u0161i par sevi t\u0101di dar\u012bjumi p\u0101rsvar\u0101 nevar rad\u012bt aizdomas par noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0101ciju. Tom\u0113r katrs gad\u012bjums ir v\u0113rt\u0113jams individu\u0101li.<\/p>\n

Atbilsto\u0161i Maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu likuma 97.2<\/sup>\u00a0panta piektajai da\u013cai kred\u012btiest\u0101dei j\u0101atver vai j\u0101atsaka pamatkonta atv\u0113r\u0161ana 10 darba dienu laik\u0101. Savuk\u0101rt Legaliz\u0101cijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likums klienta izp\u0113tei nenosaka tik \u012bsu termi\u0146u.11<\/a>\u00a0Ja klients v\u0113r\u0161as p\u0113c pamatkonta taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 iest\u0101d\u0113, kas iepriek\u0161 vi\u0146a standarta kontu ir aizv\u0113rusi, tad 10 darba dienu laik\u0101 kred\u012btiest\u0101dei ne tikai ir j\u0101izskata pieteikums, bet ar\u012b j\u0101b\u016bt gatavai konstat\u0113t risku, ka pamatkonta apkalpo\u0161ana turpm\u0101k rad\u012bs Legaliz\u0101cijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likuma p\u0101rk\u0101pumu.<\/p>\n

T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di veidojas situ\u0101cija, ka kred\u012btiest\u0101d\u0113m Legaliz\u0101cijas nov\u0113r\u0161anas likuma pras\u012bbu izpild\u0113 ir izveidojies augst\u0101ks izpildes standarts nek\u0101 citiem maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jiem. Jo pat tad, ja visp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101 k\u0101rt\u0101 klientam tiek atteikta konta atv\u0113r\u0161ana vai ar\u012b jau atv\u0113rta konta apkalpo\u0161ana tiek izbeigta neklied\u0113tu noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0101cijas risku d\u0113\u013c, \u0161\u0101dam klientam ir ties\u012bbas v\u0113rsties pat taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 kred\u012btiest\u0101d\u0113 un l\u016bgt atv\u0113rt pamatkontu. 10 darba dienu laik\u0101 pabeigt iepriek\u0161 neklied\u0113tu noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0101cijas risku izp\u0113ti var neb\u016bt iesp\u0113jams. Jo \u012bpa\u0161i gad\u012bjumos, ja kred\u012btiest\u0101de l\u012bdztekus standarta konta un maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumiem nemaz nepied\u0101v\u0101 pamatkonta vajadz\u012bb\u0101m atbilsto\u0161\u0101kus un funkcion\u0101li ierobe\u017eot\u0101kus pamatpakalpojumus.<\/p>\n

Derisk\u0113\u0161anas ierobe\u017eo\u0161ana<\/strong><\/p>\n

Iev\u0113rojamu devumu derisk\u0113\u0161anas ierobe\u017eo\u0161an\u0101 jau pien\u0101c\u012bgu laiku ir sniegusi G7 valstu izveidot\u0101 Finan\u0161u vad\u012bbas darba grupa naudas atmazg\u0101\u0161anas jaut\u0101jumos (Financial Action Task Force<\/em>; FATF).<\/p>\n

2013.\u00a0gad\u0101 FATF ir izstr\u0101d\u0101jusi vadl\u012bnijas12<\/a>, lai sniegtu atbalstu t\u0101du noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu legaliz\u0101cijas un terorisma finans\u0113\u0161anas nov\u0113r\u0161anas pas\u0101kumu izstr\u0101d\u0113, kas atbilst finansi\u0101l\u0101s iek\u013cau\u0161anas m\u0113r\u0137im, neapdraudot noziedz\u012bbas apkaro\u0161anas pas\u0101kumus. 2017.\u00a0gad\u0101 \u0161\u012bs vadl\u012bnijas tika aktualiz\u0113tas. Cita starp\u0101 taj\u0101s nor\u0101d\u012bts, ka, piem\u0113rojot standarta riskiem un augst\u0101kiem riskiem paredz\u0113tos kontroles meh\u0101nismus situ\u0101cij\u0101s, kur\u0101s riski ir maz\u0101ki, var rasties negat\u012bvas sekas un \u0161\u0101da \u201cp\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgas atbilst\u012bbas\u201d (over-compliance<\/em>) pieeja var\u0113tu saasin\u0101t finansi\u0101l\u0101s atstumt\u012bbas risku. Finan\u0161u iest\u0101d\u0113m, izmantojot uz risku balst\u012btu pieeju (risk-based approach<\/em>), b\u016btu j\u0101izstr\u0101d\u0101 un j\u0101ievie\u0161 kontroles meh\u0101nismi, lai efekt\u012bvi p\u0101rvald\u012btu un mazin\u0101tu riskus, j\u0101uzrauga un vajadz\u012bbas gad\u012bjum\u0101 j\u0101uzlabo \u0161o kontroles meh\u0101nismu darb\u012bba.<\/p>\n

FATF veicina l\u012bdzsvarotu noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu legaliz\u0101cijas un terorisma finans\u0113\u0161anas nov\u0113r\u0161anas re\u017e\u012bmu, kas aizsarg\u0101 finan\u0161u sist\u0113mas integrit\u0101ti, taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 atbalsta un atvieglo finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Izdodot 2014.\u00a0gada oktobr\u012b p\u0101rskat\u012bt\u0101s vadl\u012bnijas banku sektoram uz risku balst\u012btas pieejas principa piem\u0113ro\u0161anai13<\/a>, FATF atk\u0101rtoti uzsv\u0113ra to, ka uz risku balst\u012bta pieeja ir piem\u0113rojama katr\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 individu\u0101li, nevis k\u0101 instruments klientu kopuma derisk\u0113\u0161anai.14<\/a><\/p>\n

2021.\u00a0gada febru\u0101r\u012b FATF uzs\u0101ka projektu, lai izp\u0113t\u012btu un mazin\u0101tu negaid\u012bt\u0101s sekas, ko rada nepareiza FATF standartu \u012bsteno\u0161ana, tostarp derisk\u0113\u0161anu, finan\u0161u atstumt\u012bbu un nepamatotu fokusu uz bezpe\u013c\u0146as organiz\u0101cij\u0101m, k\u0101 ar\u012b cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu ierobe\u017eo\u0161anu (curtailment of human rights<\/em>). Projekta darb\u012bbas rezult\u0101ti tika apkopoti kopsavilkuma dokument\u010115<\/a>, kas akcent\u0113 derisk\u0113\u0161anas un finan\u0161u atstumt\u012bbas problem\u0101tiku l\u012bdz\u0101s apsv\u0113rumiem par cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu aizsardz\u012bbas procesiem saist\u012bb\u0101 ar iesp\u0113jamiem p\u0101rk\u0101pumiem FATF standartu piem\u0113ro\u0161an\u0101 vai \u013caunpr\u0101t\u012bg\u0101 to izmanto\u0161an\u0101.<\/p>\n

Viens no pirmajiem vi\u013c\u0146iem derisk\u0113\u0161anas ierobe\u017eo\u0161anai Eirop\u0101 bija saist\u012bts ar b\u0113g\u013cu piepl\u016bdumu Eiropas Savien\u012bb\u0101 2014.\u20132016. gad\u0101. Liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca b\u0113ga no kara un terorisma sav\u0101s valst\u012bs, tostarp S\u012brijas, Ir\u0101nas, Ir\u0101kas un Afganist\u0101nas. P\u0101rsvar\u0101 \u0161iem cilv\u0113kiem nebija iece\u013co\u0161anai der\u012bgu personu apliecino\u0161u dokumentu. \u0160\u012b iemesla d\u0113\u013c un ar\u012b t\u0101p\u0113c, ka \u0161\u012bs valstis ir augsta riska tre\u0161\u0101s valstis, finan\u0161u iest\u0101d\u0113m bija neiesp\u0113jami izpild\u012bt likuma pras\u012bbas un pien\u0101c\u012bgi identific\u0113t \u0161\u012bs personas. Tas rad\u012bja form\u0101lus atteikumus ne tikai ikdienas banku pakalpojumu sa\u0146em\u0161anai, bet ar\u012b pamatkonta atv\u0113r\u0161anai. T\u0101p\u0113c Eiropas Banku iest\u0101de (European Banking Authority;\u00a0<\/em>EBA) 2016. gad\u0101 n\u0101ca klaj\u0101 ar viedokli, ar kuru noteica iesp\u0113jamo l\u012bdzsvaru starp patv\u0113ruma mekl\u0113t\u0101ju ties\u012bb\u0101m piek\u013cuvei finan\u0161u produktiem un pakalpojumiem un noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0101cijas un terorisma apkaro\u0161anas noteikumu iev\u0113ro\u0161anu.16<\/a><\/p>\n

Turpm\u0101k \u0161o jaut\u0101jumu aktualiz\u0113ja Krievijas pilna m\u0113roga iebrukums Ukrain\u0101 2022. gad\u0101, kura d\u0113\u013c Eiropas valst\u012bs iepl\u016bda vair\u0101ki miljoni Ukrainas b\u0113g\u013cu.17<\/a>\u00a0EBA akcent\u0113ja ar\u012b cilv\u0113ku tirdzniec\u012bbas aspektu, ar ko sask\u0101r\u0101s b\u0113g\u013ci no Ukrainas, un nor\u0101d\u012bja, k\u0101 finan\u0161u iest\u0101des var pal\u012bdz\u0113t nepie\u013caut to, ka neaizsarg\u0101tas personas k\u013c\u016bst par upuriem noziedz\u012bgajiem t\u012bkliem, kas nodarbojas ar cilv\u0113ku tirdzniec\u012bbu. Lai \u0161os riskus var\u0113tu mazin\u0101t, b\u0113g\u013ciem b\u016btu j\u0101b\u016bt ar\u012b finan\u0161u sist\u0113mas dal\u012bbniekiem \u2013 vi\u0146iem j\u0101nodro\u0161ina piek\u013cuve finan\u0161u pakalpojumiem.<\/p>\n

Viens no gad\u012bjumiem, kas ieguva pla\u0161u publicit\u0101ti, bija Lielbrit\u0101nijas politi\u0137a Naid\u017eela Far\u0101\u017ea18<\/a>\u00a0bankas konta sl\u0113g\u0161ana. \u0160\u012b iemesla d\u0113\u013c attiec\u012bg\u0101s bankas vad\u012bt\u0101ja atk\u0101p\u0101s no amata. Min\u0113tais piem\u0113rs akcent\u0113 to, ka bankas ikdienas darb\u0101 saskaras ar derisk\u0113\u0161anas praksi, un daudzi no derisk\u0113\u0161anas gad\u012bjumiem nav ne tuvu tik ska\u013ci k\u0101 N. Far\u0101\u017ea gad\u012bjums.<\/p>\n

2022. gada s\u0101kum\u0101 EBA n\u0101ca klaj\u0101 ar viedokli par to, k\u0101 mazin\u0101t nepamatotu derisk\u0113\u0161anu (unwarranted de-risking<\/em>)19<\/a>. EBA nor\u0101d\u012bja, ka visu kategoriju klientu riska samazin\u0101\u0161ana, pien\u0101c\u012bgi ne\u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 atsevi\u0161\u0137u klientu riska profilus, var b\u016bt nepamatota un liecin\u0101t par neefekt\u012bvu noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0101cijas un terorisma finans\u0113\u0161anas risku p\u0101rvald\u012bbu.20<\/a>\u00a0EBA aicin\u0101ja kompetent\u0101s iest\u0101des veikt nepiecie\u0161amos pas\u0101kumus, lai veicin\u0101tu to klientu kategoriju finansi\u0101lo iek\u013cau\u0161anu, kuras \u012bpa\u0161i ietekm\u0113 nepamatota riska samazin\u0101\u0161ana (derisk\u0113\u0161ana). T\u0101pat ar\u012b EBA atg\u0101din\u0101ja, ka kompetentaj\u0101m iest\u0101d\u0113m j\u0101nodro\u0161ina likum\u012bgo pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju piek\u013cuve finan\u0161u pakalpojumiem, lai veicin\u0101tu vi\u0146u dal\u012bbu iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 tirg\u016b.21<\/a> EBA aicin\u0101ja finan\u0161u iest\u0101des pied\u0101v\u0101t tikai pamata finan\u0161u produktus, lai ierobe\u017eotu pakalpojumu lietot\u0101ju iesp\u0113jas \u013caunpr\u0101t\u012bgi izmantot standarta produktus un pakalpojumus, ja konkr\u0113t\u0101 klienta riska nov\u0113rt\u0113juma rezult\u0101ts liecina, ka tas var\u0113tu b\u016bt nepiecie\u0161ams.<\/p>\n

Vienas no b\u016btisk\u0101kaj\u0101m EBA vadl\u012bnij\u0101m ir 2023.\u00a0gada 31.\u00a0mart\u0101 izdot\u0101s \u201cPamatnost\u0101dnes par politikas nost\u0101dn\u0113m un kontroles pas\u0101kumiem, kas j\u0101\u012bsteno, lai, sniedzot piek\u013cuvi finan\u0161u pakalpojumiem, efekt\u012bvi p\u0101rvald\u012btu nelikum\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0113\u0161anas un teroristu finans\u0113\u0161anas (ML\/TF) riskus\u201d.22<\/a><\/p>\n

Vispirms j\u0101piemin, ka \u0161\u012bs vadl\u012bnijas attiecas ne tikai uz kred\u012btiest\u0101d\u0113m, bet ar\u012b finan\u0161u iest\u0101d\u0113m pla\u0161\u0101k\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113. T\u0101tad augstais klientu izv\u0113rt\u0113\u0161anas standarts kontekst\u0101 ar Kontu direkt\u012bv\u0101 noteikt\u0101 pamatkonta atv\u0113r\u0161anas pras\u012bb\u0101m vairs neb\u016bs tikai kred\u012btiest\u0101\u017eu prerogat\u012bva. EBA \u0161aj\u0101s vadl\u012bnij\u0101s run\u0101 ar\u012b par pamatkonta problem\u0101tiku. Ta\u010du \u0161aj\u0101 rakst\u0101 svar\u012bgi ir akcent\u0113t to attiecin\u0101m\u012bbu uz maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jiem pla\u0161\u0101k\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113 un cit\u0101m finan\u0161u iest\u0101d\u0113m.23<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0160\u012bs vadl\u012bnijas noteic, ka kred\u012btiest\u0101d\u0113m un finan\u0161u iest\u0101d\u0113m b\u016btu j\u0101ievie\u0161 t\u0101das politikas un proced\u016bras, kas \u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 attiec\u012bgo riska pak\u0101pi, nenovedot pie nepamatota lieguma piek\u013c\u016bt finan\u0161u pakalpojumiem.<\/p>\n

Kred\u012btiest\u0101d\u0113m un finan\u0161u iest\u0101d\u0113m sav\u0101s politik\u0101s, proced\u016br\u0101s un kontroles pas\u0101kumos b\u016btu j\u0101nosaka visi noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu legaliz\u0101cijas un terorisma finans\u0113\u0161anas risku mazin\u0101\u0161anas pas\u0101kumi un tie j\u0101piem\u0113ro, pirms tiek pie\u0146emts l\u0113mums par atteik\u0161anos no dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bb\u0101m. \u0160ajos pas\u0101kumos b\u016btu j\u0101ietver vismaz uzraudz\u012bbas l\u012bme\u0146a un intensit\u0101tes piel\u0101go\u0161ana un m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgu ierobe\u017eojumu piem\u0113ro\u0161ana produktiem vai pakalpojumiem. Pirms kred\u012btiest\u0101des vai finan\u0161u iest\u0101des pie\u0146em l\u0113mumu atteikties no dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbu uzs\u0101k\u0161anas vai izbeigt dar\u012bjuma attiec\u012bbas, t\u0101m b\u016btu j\u0101p\u0101rliecin\u0101s par to, ka ir apsv\u0113rti un noraid\u012bti visi iesp\u0113jamie riska mazin\u0101\u0161anas pas\u0101kumi, ko var\u0113tu b\u016bt bijis lietder\u012bgi piem\u0113rot konkr\u0113taj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101.<\/p>\n

T\u0101das lielvalstis noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu un terorisma finans\u0113\u0161anas nov\u0113r\u0161anas jom\u0101 k\u0101 Lielbrit\u0101nija un Amerikas Savienot\u0101s Valstis ar\u012b ir akcent\u0113ju\u0161as derisk\u0113\u0161anas problem\u0101tiku.24<\/a>\u00a0ASV Valsts kases departaments ir izdevis savu derisk\u0113\u0161anas strat\u0113\u0123iju25<\/a>, kas p\u0113ta derisk\u0113\u0161anas par\u0101d\u012bbu finan\u0161u iest\u0101d\u0113s un t\u0101s c\u0113lo\u0146us, k\u0101 ar\u012b pied\u0101v\u0101 ieteicam\u0101s prakses derisk\u0113\u0161anas apkaro\u0161anai.<\/a><\/p>\n

Derisk\u0113\u0161anas ierobe\u017eo\u0161anas iniciat\u012bvas Latvij\u0101<\/strong><\/p>\n

2023.\u00a0gada septembr\u012b izstr\u0101d\u0101ts Latvijas Nacion\u0101lais noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0101cijas un terorisma un prolifer\u0101cijas finans\u0113\u0161anas risku nov\u0113rt\u0113jums par laika posmu no 2020. l\u012bdz 2022.\u00a0gadam26<\/a>\u00a0(Nacion\u0101lais risku nov\u0113rt\u0113jums<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Izskatot riska nov\u0113rt\u0113juma zi\u0146ojumu 2023.\u00a0gada 15.\u00a0novembra Finan\u0161u sektora att\u012bst\u012bbas padomes (FSAP) s\u0113d\u0113, Latvijas Bankas padomes locekle Krist\u012bne \u010cernaja-Me\u017emale cita starp\u0101 nor\u0101d\u012bja, ka \u201cdarbs ir turpin\u0101ms, lai NILLTPF nov\u0113r\u0161anas jom\u0101 regul\u0113jums komercbank\u0101s tiktu piem\u0113rots sam\u0113r\u012bgi, neapgr\u016btinot finan\u0161u pakalpojumu pieejam\u012bbu\u201d. Savuk\u0101rt pa\u0161\u0101 nov\u0113rt\u0113jum\u0101 ar\u012b uzsv\u0113rts, ka derisk\u0113\u0161ana ir viens no faktoriem, kas veicin\u0101jis Latvijas fizisko un juridisko personu emigr\u0101ciju no Latvijas finan\u0161u sektora, kuras d\u0113\u013c Latvijas noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0101cijas un terorisma un prolifer\u0101cijas finans\u0113\u0161anas nov\u0113r\u0161anas sist\u0113ma zaud\u0113 noz\u012bm\u012bgu inform\u0101cijas apjomu. T\u0101pat nor\u0101d\u012bts, ka derisk\u0113\u0161ana mudin\u0101jusi izmantot nelicenc\u0113tus, neregul\u0113tus vai pat nelikum\u012bgus finan\u0161u pakalpojumus27<\/a>. Lai mazin\u0101tu \u0161\u0101du risku, tika pied\u0101v\u0101ts pamatkonta tv\u0113rumu attiecin\u0101t ne tikai uz fizisk\u0101m person\u0101m, bet ar\u012b juridisk\u0101m person\u0101m28<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Savuk\u0101rt 2024.\u00a0gada 6.\u00a0febru\u0101r\u012b FSAP apstiprin\u0101ja strat\u0113\u0123iju noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0101cijas un terorisma un prolifer\u0101cijas finans\u0113\u0161anas nov\u0113r\u0161anas pras\u012bbu praktiskai piem\u0113ro\u0161anai29<\/a>\u00a0(strat\u0113\u0123ija), lai banku sektors k\u013c\u016btu draudz\u012bg\u0101ks.30<\/a> Strat\u0113\u0123ijas m\u0113r\u0137is ir veicin\u0101t efekt\u012bvu noziedz\u012bgi ieg\u016btu l\u012bdzek\u013cu legaliz\u0101cijas un terorisma un prolifer\u0101cijas finans\u0113\u0161anas nov\u0113r\u0161anas risku apzin\u0101\u0161anu un vad\u012b\u0161anu, k\u0101 ar\u012b sam\u0113r\u012bgu un efekt\u012bvu normat\u012bvo aktu pras\u012bbu piem\u0113ro\u0161anu ar m\u0113r\u0137i ierobe\u017eot un nov\u0113rst negat\u012bvo seku un kait\u0113juma ra\u0161anos Latvijas finan\u0161u sist\u0113mas dro\u0161\u012bbai un pla\u0161ai pieejam\u012bbai.<\/p>\n

Ir svar\u012bgi, ka strat\u0113\u0123ija akcent\u0113 ne tikai fizisko personu grupas k\u0101 vien\u012bg\u0101s riska grupas, kas pak\u013cautas derisk\u0113\u0161anas praksei, bet ar\u012b nevalstisk\u0101s bezpe\u013c\u0146as organiz\u0101cijas, finan\u0161u pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jus, kriptoakt\u012bvu un digit\u0101lo akt\u012bvu pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jus un citus klientus ar paaugstin\u0101ta riska saimniecisko darb\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Strat\u0113\u0123ijas ievie\u0161anas kontekst\u0101 finan\u0161u ministrs Arvils A\u0161eradens ir uzsv\u0113ris: \u201c(..) ir nepie\u0146emami, ka (..) finan\u0161u iest\u0101des nepamatoti izvair\u0101s no riska, nevis piem\u0113ro uz risku izv\u0113rt\u0113jumu balst\u012btu pieeju, lai m\u016bsu iedz\u012bvot\u0101jiem un uz\u0146\u0113mumiem b\u016btu \u0113rta piek\u013cuve finan\u0161u pakalpojumiem. Str\u0101d\u0101jot kop\u0101, mums j\u0101atrod pareizais l\u012bdzsvars j\u0113gpiln\u0101m pras\u012bb\u0101m, lai finan\u0161u noziegumi tiktu atkl\u0101ti, bet lai tas neapgr\u016btina un neapdraud norm\u0101lu piek\u013cuvi finan\u0161u pakalpojumiem godpr\u0101t\u012bgiem klientiem.\u201d31<\/a><\/p>\n

\u013boti z\u012bm\u012bgi, ka strat\u0113\u0123ija uzsver finan\u0161u sist\u0113mas integrit\u0101ti Latvijas tirg\u016b un l\u012bdz\u012bgi Nacion\u0101lajam risku nov\u0113rt\u0113jumam konstat\u0113 sist\u0113misku probl\u0113mu, ko rada derisk\u0113\u0161ana: \u201cSadarb\u012bbas p\u0101rtrauk\u0161ana vai neuzs\u0101k\u0161ana ar m\u0113r\u0137i izvair\u012bties no riskiem var rad\u012bt t\u0101lejo\u0161as sekas ne tikai konkr\u0113tai klientu grupai, kas tiek pak\u013cauta de-riskingam, jo t\u0101m tiek kav\u0113ta efekt\u012bva piek\u013cuve finan\u0161u sist\u0113mai, bet ar\u012b negat\u012bvi ietekm\u0113t finan\u0161u sist\u0113mu kopum\u0101, radot nacion\u0101la m\u0113roga ievainojam\u012bbu, ja finansi\u0101l\u0101s darb\u012bbas tiek novirz\u012btas uz tirgus dal\u012bbniekiem ar ne tik sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101m un piem\u0113rot\u0101m kontrol\u0113m, citu valstu vai pat \u0101rpus regul\u0113tiem finan\u0161u kan\u0101liem\u201d.32<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u0101tad izvair\u012b\u0161an\u0101s no riskiem, iesp\u0113jams, rada pat liel\u0101kus riskus sist\u0113mai kopum\u0101.<\/p>\n

T\u0101pat ar\u012b \u201c(..) nepamatota sadarb\u012bbas p\u0101rtrauk\u0161ana var veicin\u0101t finan\u0161u pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ju koncentr\u0101ciju, v\u0101jin\u0101t konkurenci un inovat\u012bvo izaugsmi, k\u0101 ar\u012b palielin\u0101t finan\u0161u pakalpojumu izmaksas\u201d33<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Saist\u012bb\u0101 ar finan\u0161u pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jiem ir j\u0101piemin Latvijas Bankas jaun\u0101 iniciat\u012bva atv\u0113rt savu maks\u0101jumu sist\u0113mu, nodro\u0161inot iesp\u0113ju ne tikai bank\u0101m, bet ar\u012b citiem finan\u0161u pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jiem atv\u0113rt kontu un nepastarpin\u0101ti izmantot Elektronisko kl\u012bringa sist\u0113mu34<\/a>\u00a0(l\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 to jau vair\u0101kus gadus nodro\u0161ina Lietuvas Centr\u0101l\u0101s bankas\u00a0CENTROlink<\/em>\u00a0sist\u0113ma35<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Tas b\u016btiski samazin\u0101s spriedzi starp\u00a0FinTech<\/em>\u00a0pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ju vajadz\u012bb\u0101m iek\u013cauties finan\u0161u sist\u0113m\u0101 un kred\u012btiest\u0101\u017eu risku vad\u012bbas izaicin\u0101jumiem.<\/p>\n

2024. gadam Latvijas Banka par vienu no priorit\u0101t\u0113m ir noteikusi finan\u0161u pakalpojumu pieejam\u012bbas veicin\u0101\u0161anu: \u201c(..) p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bga kred\u012btiest\u0101\u017eu piesardz\u012bba rada finan\u0161u pakalpojumu pieejam\u012bbas probl\u0113mas. Latvijas Banka n\u0101kamaj\u0101 gad\u0101 v\u0113rt\u0113s finan\u0161u iest\u0101\u017eu NILLTPF riska p\u0101rvald\u012bbas praksi un p\u0101rbau\u017eu proces\u0101 piev\u0113rs\u012bs uzman\u012bbu ar\u012b zema riska klientu apkalpo\u0161anai, jo finan\u0161u pakalpojumu pieejam\u012bbas veicin\u0101\u0161ana ir Latvijas Bankas priorit\u0101te.\u201d36<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u0101pat Latvijas Banka 2024. gada 19. janv\u0101r\u012b publiskoja secin\u0101jumus par to, ka kred\u012btiest\u0101d\u0113s pamatkonta pakalpojuma snieg\u0161an\u0101 ir vieta b\u016btiskiem uzlabojumiem.37<\/a> Latvijas Banka aicina risku izv\u0113rt\u0113\u0161an\u0101 balst\u012bties uz faktiskajiem apst\u0101k\u013ciem un pakalpojumiem piem\u012bto\u0161ajiem riskiem, nevis uz visp\u0101r\u012bgiem pie\u0146\u0113mumiem un iesp\u0113jam\u012bb\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Ar\u012b likumdev\u0113js Latvij\u0101 ir stiprin\u0101jis derisk\u0113\u0161anas ierobe\u017eo\u0161anas iniciat\u012bvas attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz pamatkontu pieejam\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Groz\u012bjumi Maks\u0101jumu pakalpojumu likum\u0101 sv\u012btroja kred\u012btiest\u0101\u017eu ties\u012bbas atteikt pamatkontu atv\u0113r\u0161anu un sl\u0113g\u0161anu, balstoties uz reput\u0101cijas riskiem38<\/a>. Ar \u0161iem groz\u012bjumiem izsl\u0113gts likuma 97.2<\/sup>\u00a0panta sept\u012bt\u0101s da\u013cas 3.\u00a0punkts un 97.5<\/sup>\u00a0panta tre\u0161\u0101s da\u013cas 5. punkts, kas attiec\u012bgi paredz\u0113ja ties\u012bbas atteikt pamatkonta atv\u0113r\u0161anu vai izbeigt eso\u0161u l\u012bgumu, ja pamatkonta atv\u0113r\u0161ana vai apkalpo\u0161ana var\u0113ja rad\u012bt kred\u012btiest\u0101dei reput\u0101cijas riskus. Diezgan pla\u0161i interpret\u0113jams krit\u0113rijs.<\/a><\/p>\n

Secin\u0101jumi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bbas un derisk\u0113\u0161anas mijiedarb\u012bba arvien pie\u0146emas sp\u0113k\u0101, finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bbas vajadz\u012bb\u0101m g\u016bstot virsroku p\u0101r derisk\u0113\u0161anas praks\u0113m.<\/p>\n

Nesen\u0101s EBA vadl\u012bnijas sniedz kred\u012btiest\u0101d\u0113m pamatkonta risku p\u0101rvald\u012bbas instrumentus dar\u012bjumos ar fizisk\u0101m person\u0101m, bet to tv\u0113rums ir v\u0113l pla\u0161\u0101ks\u00a0\u2013 tiek defin\u0113ti so\u013ci\u00a0nepamatotas derisk\u0113\u0161anas ierobe\u017eo\u0161anai daudz pla\u0161\u0101kam finan\u0161u iest\u0101\u017eu lokam.<\/p>\n

Latvijas Nacion\u0101lais risku nov\u0113rt\u0113jums aicina izv\u0113rt\u0113t pamatkonta pieejam\u012bbu ne tikai fizisk\u0101m person\u0101m, bet ar\u012b juridisk\u0101m person\u0101m. Iesp\u0113jams, ka ar\u012b Latvija n\u0101kotn\u0113 b\u016bs viena no t\u0101m valst\u012bm, kas, l\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 Be\u013c\u0123ija, nodro\u0161in\u0101s pamatkontu ar\u012b juridisk\u0101m person\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Paredzams, ka kred\u012btiest\u0101des velt\u012bs vair\u0101k resursu tam, lai izstr\u0101d\u0101tu ierobe\u017eotas funkcionalit\u0101tes pamatkonta pakalpojumu, un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di sp\u0113s b\u016bt atv\u0113rt\u0101kas un sniegt pakalpojumus ar\u012b riskant\u0101kiem klientiem, jo atteikums sadarboties turpm\u0101k tiks v\u0113rt\u0113ts p\u0113c daudz stingr\u0101kas m\u0113rauklas.<\/p>\n

Latvijas Banka ir akt\u012bvi sp\u0113rusi b\u016btiskus so\u013cus, lai ierobe\u017eotu derisk\u0113\u0161anu un veicin\u0101tu finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bbu ne tikai attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz fizisk\u0101m person\u0101m, bet ar\u012b jaunuz\u0146\u0113mumiem un citiem finan\u0161u sist\u0113mas dal\u012bbniekiem, kas konkur\u0113 ar klasisk\u0101 tipa bank\u0101m un to pakalpojumiem.<\/p>\n

Latvijas finan\u0161u iest\u0101\u017eu uzraugs 2024.\u00a0gadam defin\u0113jis finan\u0161u pakalpojumu pieejam\u012bbas fokusu. Uzst\u0101d\u012bjums neaprobe\u017eosies tikai ar kred\u012btiest\u0101\u017eu risku p\u0101rvald\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

FSAP apstiprin\u0101t\u0101 strat\u0113\u0123ija uzrun\u0101 ne tikai kred\u012btiest\u0101des, bet ar\u012b citas finan\u0161u iest\u0101des. Taj\u0101 tiek akcent\u0113ta nacion\u0101l\u0101 m\u0113roga ievainojam\u012bba, ja derisk\u0113\u0161anas prakses tiek nekontrol\u0113ti turpin\u0101tas, k\u0101 ar\u012b konkurences krop\u013cojums, inov\u0101ciju stagn\u0101cija un pakalpojumu cenu pieaugums.<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r turpm\u0101ka derisk\u0113\u0161anas prakse netiks izskausta pavisam. Visticam\u0101k, t\u0101 tiks uzskat\u012bta par pie\u0146emamu situ\u0101cij\u0101s, kad klienta apkalpo\u0161ana tik tie\u0161\u0101m k\u013c\u016bs neiesp\u0113jama vai pras\u012bs p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgus resursus norm\u0101lai pakalpojumu snieg\u0161anai\u00a0\u2013\u00a0at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no gad\u012bjumiem, kad derisk\u0113\u0161ana vair\u0101k liecin\u0101ja par iest\u0101des nev\u0113l\u0113\u0161anos pien\u0101c\u012bgi p\u0101rvald\u012bt riskus. Diskusijas par sam\u0113r\u012bg\u0101m finan\u0161u iest\u0101\u017eu atbilst\u012bbas izmaks\u0101m (cost of compliance<\/em>) att\u012bst\u012bsies kopsakar\u0101 ar finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bbas un pien\u0101c\u012bgas risku p\u0101rvald\u012bbas pras\u012bb\u0101m, jo p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgas pakalpojuma izmaksas padara pakalpojumu cenu d\u0101rg\u0101ku. Pakalpojuma cena ar\u012b ir finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bbas krit\u0113rijs.<\/p>\n

Publik\u0101cija:\u00a0lvportals.lv<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Finan\u0161u iest\u0101\u017eu izv\u0113le nesadarboties ar augsta riska klientiem bie\u017ei vien non\u0101k pretrun\u0101 ar ekonomikas att\u012bst\u012bbai svar\u012bgu priek\u0161nosac\u012bjumu \u2013 finan\u0161u pakalpojumu pieejam\u012bbu. \u0160\u012b probl\u0113ma p\u0113d\u0113jos gados tiek aktualiz\u0113ta gan starptautisk\u0101, gan nacion\u0101l\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b. \u0160aj\u0101 publik\u0101cij\u0101 COBALT vec\u0101kais speci\u0101lists, jurists Ivo Cimdi\u0146\u0161..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":2253,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"country":[96],"class_list":["post-34905","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-lv","country-latvia-lv"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFinan\u0161u pakalpojumu pieejam\u012bba un risku mazin\u0101\u0161ana \u2013 tiesiskais regul\u0113jums un prakse | COBALT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Finan\u0161u iest\u0101\u017eu izv\u0113le nesadarboties ar augsta riska klientiem bie\u017ei vien non\u0101k pretrun\u0101 ar ekonomikas att\u012bst\u012bbai svar\u012bgu priek\u0161nosac\u012bjumu \u2013 finan\u0161u pakalpojumu pieejam\u012bbu. \u0160\u012b probl\u0113ma p\u0113d\u0113jos gados tiek aktualiz\u0113ta gan starptautisk\u0101, gan nacion\u0101l\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b. \u0160aj\u0101 publik\u0101cij\u0101 COBALT vec\u0101kais speci\u0101lists, jurists Ivo Cimdi\u0146\u0161 sniedz padzi\u013cin\u0101tu ieskatu taj\u0101, k\u0101 finan\u0161u iek\u013caut\u012bba (pieejam\u012bba finan\u0161u produktiem un pakalpojumiem) un risku mazin\u0101\u0161ana jeb derisk\u0113\u0161ana mijiedarbojas tiesiskaj\u0101 regul\u0113jum\u0101 un praks\u0113 un k\u0101das p\u0101rmai\u0146as sagaid\u0101mas n\u0101kotn\u0113.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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